Essentials of the Earth's Climate System

Barry, Roger G.; Hall-McKim, Eileen A.

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139583909

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…(1) Hassan et al The seasonal mean rainfall are calculated from the summation of monthly mean data divided by the number of rain months. The monthly rainfall mean is calculated by summing the amount of daily rainfall divided by the number of rainy days as shown in following equation [5]. ̅ ∑ …………………………………………………………………………………………....(2) ̅ : The seasonal mean rainfall, : summation of monthly Rainfall N: The number of month rain (9 month for the current study) Anomaly rainfall is the fluctuation or deviation from the general average of rainfall for each year and is calculated by using the following equation: ̅ ……………………………………………………………………………………….....(3) [6].…”

Section: Methods and Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination the Quantity of Extreme Rainfall and calculation of the Climatology Mean for Baghdad City

Hassan

Zeki

Salih

2018

ijs

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Recently heavy rainfall that occurs in last decade for Baghdad city is part of climate changes effect on Iraq in general and Baghdad in particular. Rain is considered the main part in the water cycle as it enters mainly within the water system and water balance; therefore present study put of a special criterion to determine the amount of rainfall and analyzed in order to quantify the amount and the diagnosis of heavy rain. The availability of data by Iraqi Metrological Organization and Seismology (IMOS) for time period (1985/1986-2014/2015) held achieve the research objective .There are many statistical methods figure out the difference to determine the amount of rain, Climatology mean (C M) is one of them specialized to separate the amount of normal rainfall from heavy rain. The climatology mean of rain for this study has been 15.2mm. Whereas in the rainy season exceeded this limit, in this case considered extreme season, while less than limit called normal rain. The results shown during 30 rainy seasons, have been 12 seasons exceed climatology mean, four of highest extremes rain have been happened in November. The highest extreme rain has been in 2014, with seasonal mean of 34.7mm. The monthly anomaly climatology mean (ACM) has been equal approximate 20mm, November 2014 was equal this value , When calculating the total amount of rainfall for the city of Baghdad during the 30 rainy season found that lightest mount fall 676 mm in January followed by the lowest rate month of November 596 mm, while the lowest amounts of rain fell in October and September, which did not exceed 130 mm. ISSN: 0067-2904Hassan et al. Science, 2018, Vol. 59, No.1B, pp: 447- Iraqi Journal of IntroductionRainfall is one of the most important types of precipitation which directly related to human life. The amount of rain and downpour season directly affects the continuity of life of any place on the earth's surface. The type and the source of rainfall determined the type of agriculture i.e. the type of crops that can be cultivation in the area that is role of effects on the country economy.The Iraqi climate is classified as the dry and semi-dry region in summer, and cold and rainy in winter. The variance of rainfall amount is very high from year to another. The amount of annual rainfall mainly depends on the type of the Pressure system (cyclone), location of the region and its intensity and speed and period of continuity and the amount of moisture loaded [1]. All these factors are major reasons to causes of the different amount of rainfall. The rainfall could divide into two kinds normal and extreme for a year. The scarce rainfall came from Mediterranean Sea the low pressure system, which effect on the northern and central Iraq [2], another source came from Sudan's low pressure system its effect on the south and south-west parts, which is characterized by heavy rainfall and moderate wind speed, is due to high temperature, low pressure and an increase in relative humidity [1]. The low frontal, which are found in most parts of ext...

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Section: Methods and Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This way, give a prediction vision for any time period of study in future i.e. up to 2050 in the following equation [5]:∑ ̅ /N………………………………………………………………………………………. (1) …”

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confidence: 99%

Determination the Quantity of Extreme Rainfall and calculation of the Climatology Mean for Baghdad City

Hassan

Zeki

Salih

2018

ijs

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“…The ECS is a large-scale and peculiar dynamical system that possesses numerous unique physical, dynamical, and chemical properties (e.g., [7,8,33]). The study and a fortiori control of the ECS are a highly difficult problem.…”

Section: Complexity In the Earth's Climate Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All components of the ECS are extremely complex physical systems that in turn also are composed of constituent elements (subsystems). It should be noted that the current status of climate system studies is characterized by dramatic progress achieved over the last few decades in understanding basic physical processes and fundamental feedback mechanisms that control the climate formation and change (thanks to the advances in computing hardware and algorithms and due to a substantial increase in the volume of climatological data [4][5][6][7][8]). The detailed retrospective analysis of climate science can be found, for example, in [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weather and Climate Manipulation as an Optimal Control for Adaptive Dynamical Systems

Soldatenko

2017

Complexity

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The weather and climate manipulation is examined as an optimal control problem for the earth climate system, which is considered as a complex adaptive dynamical system. Weather and climate manipulations are actually amorphous operations. Since their objectives are usually formulated vaguely, the expected results are fairly unpredictable and uncertain. However, weather and climate modification is a purposeful process and, therefore, we can formulate operations to manipulate weather and climate as the optimization problem within the framework of the optimal control theory. The complexity of the earth's climate system is discussed and illustrated using the simplified low-order coupled chaotic dynamical system. The necessary conditions of optimality are derived for the large-scale atmospheric dynamics. This confirms that even a relatively simplified control problem for the atmospheric dynamics requires significant efforts to obtain the solution.

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“…The classification of mid-tropospheric macroforms created in the former USSR in the mid-20th century (Vangengeim, 1935(Vangengeim, , 1946(Vangengeim, , 1952Girs, 1964Girs, , 1971Girs, , 1974Girs, , 1977Girs, , 1981 is one of the well-known though not commonly used. Although some references have been made to the Vangengeim-Girs classification (V-Gc) outside Russia (Lamb, 1972;Barry and Perry, 1973;Barry and Hall-McKim, 2014), however, likely for historical reasons, studies of Vangengeim-Girs (V-G) macro-circulation forms started earliest and were carried out most frequently by the scientists from east of the Elbe (e.g., Stachy, 1971;Kożuchowski and Marciniak, 1988;Sepp and Jaagus, 2002;Aasa et al, 2004;Sepp, 2005;Jaagus, 2006;Marsz, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of macro‐circulation forms over the Atlantic‐Eurasian temperate zone according to the Vangengeim‐Girs classification

Degirmendžić

Kożuchowski²

2019

Intl Journal of Climatology

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This paper presents the results of an investigation of the variability in macro‐circulation forms at the mid‐tropospheric level distinguished in the Vangengeim‐Girs (V‐G) classification. The number of days and of uninterrupted periods of at least 2 days (so‐called episodes) with V‐G forms were analysed based on the daily atmospheric circulation catalogue for the period 1949–2010. The average number of circulation episodes per year (~51) and their average persistence (6–9 days) were determined. When analysing the short‐term variability, the frequency of transitions between macroforms: W ↔ E, E ↔ C and W ↔ C was calculated. It was found that these sequences were random in character. Changes in average frequencies of V‐G macroforms in an annual cycle were evaluated and the seasons of dominant zonal (W) and meridional (E, C) circulation patterns distinguished. In the years 1949–2010, four circulation epochs were separated, differing in the macroform frequency quotients—fW/fE, fW/fC and fE/fC. Three epochs were meridional (until 1988) and the last one is zonal. A growing trend was observed in the number of circulation episodes, indicating an increase in the frequency of changes of circulation forms. This rise was attributed to the growing frequency of the W episodes and the decreasing number and persistence of E episodes in the last two decades of the analysed period.

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Essentials of the Earth's Climate System

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Determination the Quantity of Extreme Rainfall and calculation of the Climatology Mean for Baghdad City

Determination the Quantity of Extreme Rainfall and calculation of the Climatology Mean for Baghdad City

Weather and Climate Manipulation as an Optimal Control for Adaptive Dynamical Systems

Variation of macro‐circulation forms over the Atlantic‐Eurasian temperate zone according to the Vangengeim‐Girs classification

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