Establishing a link between composition and toxicity of offshore produced waters using comprehensive analysis techniques – A way forward for discharge monitoring?

Sørensen, Lisbet; McCormack, Paul; Altin, Dag; Robson, W J; Booth, Andy M.; Faksness, Liv-Guri; Rowland, Steven J.; Størseth, Trond Røvik

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133682

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The electron ionization (EI) source was operated at 70 eV. Analysis was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using the molecular ion and the most abundant fragment ion for qualification and quantification, respectively 1 . Quantification of target compounds was performed using average response factors (RFs).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discharge of produced water (PW) from the oil and gas industry supplies the marine environment with the largest waste stream worldwide and is estimated to represent on average 1700 tons of crude oil/year 1 . Even though it is known that PW is toxic to marine organisms, there is limited knowledge of which compounds in PW elicit the observed toxic effects, and how these compounds work in combination 1 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the authors' knowledge, no targeted studies have investigated the effects of APs on early life stages (ELS) of fish, but recent studies have proved that exposure to low concentrations of PW causes developmental defects in fish ELS, such as changes in the cranial and spine morphology, cardiac failure and DNA damage 7,11 . While polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in PW will contribute to some of the observed toxicity in fish ELS, recent studies have emphasized that PAHs do not explain the full picture of toxicity from crude oil and PW 1,12–14 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Oppegård

Hansen

Sørensen

2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Produced water (PW) discharge from the oil and gas industry represents the largest intentional marine waste volume. Alkyl phenols (APs) are one of the main toxic component groups found in PW, with concentration of APs in discharged PW from the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea up to >16 mg/L. Several species of fish spawn in direct proximity to offshore production platforms and may be at risk of AP exposure. Therefore, a sensitive method to determine the potential for bioaccumulation of APs in fish eggs is needed. Methods Fish eggs were extracted using liquid–solid extraction followed by gel permeation chromatography cleanup. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Extraction and analytical conditions were optimized for analysis of phenol and 30 APs (C1–C9) with different degrees of branching in the alkyl chain. The method was verified and applied to analyze the body residue of APs in PW‐exposed marine fish (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua) eggs. Results A comprehensive and sensitive method for the determination of C0–C9 APs was developed. Detection limits were in the range 0.03–8 ng. Apart from a few compounds with poor recovery, the method generally provided reliable results with good precision (<15%). Conclusions We demonstrate the successful application of an optimized extraction method for APs in fish eggs and show first results of AP accumulation in cod embryos exposed to PW in the laboratory.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Oppegård

Hansen

Sørensen

2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…However, these studies mainly focus on general classes of naphthenic acids and are based on formula calculations of exact masses without further structural elucidations. Sørensen et al (2019) described a non-target screening study but did not provide details beyond compound classes (i.e. phenols vs. naphthalenes).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target screening of organic compounds in offshore produced water by GC×GC-MS

Bergfors¹,

Huynh²,

Jensen³

et al. 2021

PeerJ Analytical Chemistry

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Produced water is the largest by-product of oil and gas production. At off-shore installations, the produced water is typically reinjected or discharged into the sea. The water contains a complex mixture of dispersed and dissolved oil, solids and inorganic ions. A better understanding of its composition is fundamental to (1) improve environmental impact assessment tools and (2) develop more efficient water treatment technologies. The objective of the study was to screen produced water sampled from a producing field in the Danish region of the North Sea to identify any containing organic compounds. The samples were taken at a test separator and represent an unfiltered picture of the composition before cleaning procedures. The analytes were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and derivatized using a silylation reagent to increase the volatility of oxygenated compounds. The final extracts were analyzed by comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. A non-target processing workflow was implemented to extract features and quantify the confidence of library matches by correlation to retention indices and the presence of molecular ions. Approximately 120 unique compounds were identified across nine samples. Of those, 15 were present in all samples. The main types of compounds are aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids with a small fraction of hydrocarbons. The findings have implications for developing improved environmental impact assessment tools and water remediation technologies.

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“…A few papers have previously described non-target screening of produced water, primarily from the Norwegian continental shelf. Sørensen et al described the characterization of unpurified DCM extracts with comparisons to the polar and non-polar fractions as isolated by SPE (Sørensen et al, 2019). In their study, a high concentration of hydrocarbons including naphthalenes and linear alkanes was detected in the produced water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplemental Information 1: Full uncropped chromatograms of all samples as images.

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Establishing a link between composition and toxicity of offshore produced waters using comprehensive analysis techniques – A way forward for discharge monitoring?

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Non-target screening of organic compounds in offshore produced water by GC×GC-MS

Supplemental Information 1: Full uncropped chromatograms of all samples as images.

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Establishing a link between composition and toxicity of offshore produced waters using comprehensive analysis techniques – A way forward for discharge monitoring?

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Determination of C0–C9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Determination of C0–C9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Non-target screening of organic compounds in offshore produced water by GC×GC-MS

Supplemental Information 1: Full uncropped chromatograms of all samples as images.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Determination of C₀–C₉ alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry