Establishing Long-Term Corrosion Protection of Copper-Based Alloys in
                    Modern Transmissions

Bares, Jason A.; Hunt, Gregory; Prengaman, Christopher; Wicks, Josey; Nicholson, Stefan

doi:10.4271/04-13-03-0016

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…Nonetheless, these alloys were still vulnerable to corrosion, showing a non-proportional dependence with the increase in the oil bath temperature (from 80 to 150 °C). In both alloys, the results were a consequence of the competition between mechanisms: the selective dissolution of Zn or Cu, and the formation of surface films detected by SEM-EDS (composed of S, P, and O in different percentages) [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as Hunt (2018) [ 8 ] points out, the ASTM D130 test only provides a qualitative result without details on the reactions and chemical species involved, corrosion mechanisms, mass loss, or the formation of corrosion products. Consequently, various studies have evaluated the corrosiveness of lubricating oils or their additives, using complementary techniques for more comprehensive characterization [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Among the techniques employed, the following are notable: Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [ 11 , 12 ], Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) [ 13 ], Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) [ 8 , 11 ], X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) [ 10 , 12 ], Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) [ 9 ], and Total Acid Number (TAN) and Total Base Number (TBN) determination [ 9 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy

Calabokis,

Nuñez de la Rosa,

Borges

et al. 2024

Materials

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Aftermarket additives are used to enhance the performance of internal combustion engines in specific aspects such as reducing wear, increasing power, and improving fuel economy. Despite their advantages, they can sometimes cause corrosion-related problems. This research evaluated the corrosiveness of four aftermarket additives on the corrosion of a high-leaded tin bronze alloy over 28 days at 80 °C in immersion tests. Among the evaluated products, three showed corrosive effects ranging from intermediate to severe. Notably, the visual appearance of the surfaces often did not indicate the underlying corrosive damage. Therefore, the assessment of corrosiveness was based on chemical characterizations conducted on both the drained oils and the bronze surfaces. The study found minimal oil degradation under the testing conditions, indicating that the primary cause of corrosion was the interaction between the specific additives and the metal elements of the alloy, rather than oil degradation itself. A direct correlation was observed between the dissolution of lead and copper and the adsorption of S and Cl-containing additives on the surfaces, respectively. The corrosive impact of Cl-containing additives in aftermarket formulations was significantly reduced when mixed with engine oil SAE 10W-30 (at a 25:1 ratio), suggesting a mitigated effect in combined formulations, which is the recommended usage for engines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy

Calabokis,

Nuñez de la Rosa,

Borges

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…Both test methods have gained broad acceptance among groups developing future EDU lubricants (Canter, 2022;Hunt et al, 2023). In particular, much has been published on the WCT (Hunt, 2017;Hunt et al, 2017;Hunt, 2018), including its application to other metals (Bares et al, 2020). Both tests are recommended in the SAE J3200 ™ report on fluids for electrified drivetrains (SAE International, 2022), and are currently under review by ASTM and other standard organizations for adoption.…”

Section: Corrosion Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief review of the rapid transformation of driveline lubricants for hybrid electric and electric vehicles

Newcomb

2023

Front. Mech. Eng.

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Hybrid electric and electric vehicles have represented a small portion of the automotive market for many years and mainly use current lubricants, typically automatic transmission fluids (ATFs). However, regulatory compliance to limit greenhouse gases and increased consumer demand have resulted in a rapid global transition to electrified vehicles. This has prompted the need for new advances in vehicle technology to improve efficiency and thereby increase range. Enabling and optimizing such advances requires a new generation of driveline lubricants. Incorporating an electric motor in a transmission or axle, where the motor is exposed to the gear box lubricant, creates new challenges that focus attention on lubricant characteristics that were previously not differentiating features, for example, electrical and thermal properties. Additionally, lubricants must now also be compatible with the constituents used in electric motors which include new polymeric materials and, in some cases, exposed copper. Compatibility tests of these polymers vary within the industry and the risk of copper corrosion in these applications is not always properly assessed by current specification tests. In this paper we will begin with a brief history of electric vehicles, highlight how driveline lubricants, specifically ATFs, have evolved over the years to meet new hardware requirements and then describe the performance requirements expected of lubricants specifically designed for vehicles with electric drive units (EDUs). Our primary goal, however, is to summarize the recent literature that illustrates the changing importance of various lubricant performance properties, new proposed test methods and offer some insight into future e-lubricant evolution.

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“…As such the drivetrain has seen an increased number of electrical components which contain copper in the form of washers and bushings, brazed joints and electrical components. 1 Corrosion of electrical contacts could potentially interfere with the function of these electrical components leading to a malfunction of the vehicle control systems and loss of vehicle drivability. 2 The lubricating fluid is required to continue to provide the durability requirements for the drivetrain whilst minimising the effect of corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New technologies which enable improved vehicle fuel economy, including electrification are being applied to automotive drivetrains. As such the drivetrain has seen an increased number of electrical components which contain copper in the form of washers and bushings, brazed joints and electrical components 1 . Corrosion of electrical contacts could potentially interfere with the function of these electrical components leading to a malfunction of the vehicle control systems and loss of vehicle drivability 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of model organosulfur extreme pressure additives and analogues on the corrosion of copper as measured by a wire corrosion test method

Hunt¹,

Gahagan²,

Peplow³

2023

Lubrication Science

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Establishing Long-Term Corrosion Protection of Copper-Based Alloys in Modern Transmissions

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy

The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy

A brief review of the rapid transformation of driveline lubricants for hybrid electric and electric vehicles

The influence of model organosulfur extreme pressure additives and analogues on the corrosion of copper as measured by a wire corrosion test method

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