Establishing the Callus-Based Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Cissus quadrangularis and Elucidating Their Role in Osteogenic Differentiation

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vehicles secreted by all live cells to establish communication with adjacent cells. In recent years, mammalian EVs (MEVs) have been widely investigated for their therapeutic implications in human disease conditions. As the understanding of MEV composition and nature is advancing, scientists are constantly exploring alternatives for EV production with similar therapeutic potential. Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PDEVs) may be a better substitute for MEVs because of their widespread sources, cost-effectiveness, and ease of access. Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), known as “bone setter or Hadjod”, is a perennial plant utilized for its osteogenic potential. Its crude powder extract formulations are widely used as tablets and syrups. The present work elucidates the isolation of exosome-like nanovesicles (henceforth exosomes) from the culture supernatants of an in vitro cultured callus tissue derived from CQ. The physical and biological properties of the exosomes were successfully investigated using different characterization techniques. The therapeutic potential of the CQ exosomes was found to ameliorate the wound scratch injury and oxidative stress conditions in human-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the pre-osteoblast (MC3T3) cell line. These exosomes also induced the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs, as observed by alkaline phosphatase activity. These findings may serve as a proof of concept for further investigating the CQ exosomes as a nanocarrier for drug molecules in various therapeutic bone applications.

Effects of biomaterials derived from germinated hemp seeds for stressed hair stem cells and immune cells

“…The ratio between 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, cytokinin) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, auxin family) is very important for the induction and growth of hemp calli [16]. Recent research suggests that callus derived exosomes impact various bioactive functions including the activation of osteogenic differentiation and immunomodulation [17]. However, there is no research on the bioactive function of callus derived exosomes from germinated hemp seeds.…”