“…10 ). Therefore, in dry contact textile electrodes, lower impedance was not correlated to improvements in ECG signal performance, which is contrary to previous findings [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
“…Electrode impedance has been considered as one of the main performance metrics in evaluating electrodes for recording high-quality biosignals [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. We evaluated the impedance performance of dry textile electrodes with and without conductive materials (listed in Table 1 ) screen-printed on them.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many efforts have been undertaken to optimize those novel dry electrodes, addressing issues such as weak signal pick-up, low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, as well as biocompatibility, and durability [ 10 ]. Among them, impedance reduction is one of the most intensively studied research directions [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. In dry contact electrodes, high skin–electrode contact impedance is observed.…”
Background
Continuous long-term electrocardiography monitoring has been increasingly recognized for early diagnosis and management of different types of cardiovascular diseases. To find an alternative to Ag/AgCl gel electrodes that are improper for this application scenario, many efforts have been undertaken to develop novel flexible dry textile electrodes integrated into the everyday garments. With significant progresses made to address the potential issues (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, and low durability), the lack of standard evaluation procedure hinders the further development of dry electrodes (mainly the design and optimization).
Results
A standard testing procedure and framework for skin–electrode impedance measurement is demonstrated for the development of novel dry textile electrodes. Different representative electrode materials have been screen-printed on textile substrates. To verify the performance of dry textile electrodes, impedance measurements are conducted on an agar skin model using a universal setup with consistent frequency and pressure. In addition, they are demonstrated for ECG signals acquisition, in comparison to those obtained using conventional gel electrodes.
Conclusions
Dry textile electrodes demonstrated similar impedance when in raised or flat structures. The tested pressure variations had an insignificant impact on electrode impedance. Looking at the effect of impedance on ECG signals, a noticeable effect on ECG signal performance metrics was not observed. Therefore, it is suggested that impedance alone is possibly not the primary indicator of signal quality. As well, the developed methods can also serve as useful guidelines for future textile dry-electrode design and testing for practical ECG monitoring applications.
“…10 ). Therefore, in dry contact textile electrodes, lower impedance was not correlated to improvements in ECG signal performance, which is contrary to previous findings [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
“…Electrode impedance has been considered as one of the main performance metrics in evaluating electrodes for recording high-quality biosignals [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. We evaluated the impedance performance of dry textile electrodes with and without conductive materials (listed in Table 1 ) screen-printed on them.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many efforts have been undertaken to optimize those novel dry electrodes, addressing issues such as weak signal pick-up, low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, as well as biocompatibility, and durability [ 10 ]. Among them, impedance reduction is one of the most intensively studied research directions [ 7 , 28 , 29 ]. In dry contact electrodes, high skin–electrode contact impedance is observed.…”
Background
Continuous long-term electrocardiography monitoring has been increasingly recognized for early diagnosis and management of different types of cardiovascular diseases. To find an alternative to Ag/AgCl gel electrodes that are improper for this application scenario, many efforts have been undertaken to develop novel flexible dry textile electrodes integrated into the everyday garments. With significant progresses made to address the potential issues (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, and low durability), the lack of standard evaluation procedure hinders the further development of dry electrodes (mainly the design and optimization).
Results
A standard testing procedure and framework for skin–electrode impedance measurement is demonstrated for the development of novel dry textile electrodes. Different representative electrode materials have been screen-printed on textile substrates. To verify the performance of dry textile electrodes, impedance measurements are conducted on an agar skin model using a universal setup with consistent frequency and pressure. In addition, they are demonstrated for ECG signals acquisition, in comparison to those obtained using conventional gel electrodes.
Conclusions
Dry textile electrodes demonstrated similar impedance when in raised or flat structures. The tested pressure variations had an insignificant impact on electrode impedance. Looking at the effect of impedance on ECG signals, a noticeable effect on ECG signal performance metrics was not observed. Therefore, it is suggested that impedance alone is possibly not the primary indicator of signal quality. As well, the developed methods can also serve as useful guidelines for future textile dry-electrode design and testing for practical ECG monitoring applications.
“…To obtain undistorted and high-quality ECG measurements, the magnitude of the skin-electrode impedance should be at least a factor 10 lower than the input impedance of the amplifier over a bandwidth of 0.05-150 Hz. [13][14][15] This is often the case, considering that the input impedance of modern amplifiers is 10 MΩ-1 TΩ.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For typical electrode footprints, these levels can achieve an absolute impedance which is well below the minimum input impedance of ECG measurement equipment which is at least 10 MΩ. [13] Attenuation of the signals occurs when the skin-electrode impedance is significantly greater than the input impedance ( Figure S1, Supporting Information). Reduced values of the skin-electrode impedance can be a result of 1) hydration of the stratum corneum by sweat or gels and/or 2) physical compromise of the stratum corneum.…”
The electrical performance of screen‐printed dry electrodes on thermoplastic polyurethane substrates are evaluated according to their conformance to international standards, skin–electrode impedance, and ability to gather high quality electrocardiograms. The electrical behavior of seven screen‐printed electrodes (Ag, Ag/PEDOT:PSS, Ag/AgCl, Ag/AgCl/PEDOT:PSS, C, C/AgCl, and PEDOT:PSS) is compared to two commercially available gel electrodes (3M RedDot 50 and Philips NeoLead) which represent the state‐of‐the‐art. After basic standard electrical characterization (electrode–electrode impedance, direct current [DC] offset voltage, defibrillation recovery, bias stress, and noise), it is shown that layers such as AgCl or PEDOT:PSS help to reduce the contact impedance of dry electrodes. However, the quality of the electrical signal is primarily governed by the skin impedance, which, without physical disruption or preparation, maintains a high impedance. For this reason, the impedance of all screen‐printed dry electrodes allows the collection of electrocardiograms with a quality equal to that of gel electrodes. Dry electrodes, while capable of obtaining similar electrical signal quality also bring the advantages of reusability, comfort, and the capability for long‐term measurements.
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