Establishment of a fabrication method for a long-term actuated hybrid cell robot

Kim, Jinseok; Park, Jungyul; Yang, Sungwook; Baek, Jeongeun; Kim, Byung Kyu; Lee, Sang Ho; Yoon, En Sup; Chun, Kukjin; Park, Sukho

doi:10.1039/b705367c

Cited by 133 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This advantageous property has helped to produce machines that include selfassembling microelectromechanical-system-based cantilevers (15), 2D biohybrid "muscular thin films" (16), and "crab-like" robots (17). These systems were powered by applied electric field stimulation or spontaneous contraction of engineered cardiac muscle, which have also been used as power sources for locomotive machines such as a swimming muscle-elastomer "jellyfish" (18), a self-propelled swimming robot (19), and a walking millimeter-scale "biological bimorph" cantilever (20,21), respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle

Cvetkovic

Raman

Chan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

365

373

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Combining biological components, such as cells and tissues, with soft robotics can enable the fabrication of biological machines with the ability to sense, process signals, and produce force. An intuitive demonstration of a biological machine is one that can produce motion in response to controllable external signaling. Whereas cardiac cell-driven biological actuators have been demonstrated, the requirements of these machines to respond to stimuli and exhibit controlled movement merit the use of skeletal muscle, the primary generator of actuation in animals, as a contractile power source. Here, we report the development of 3D printed hydrogel "bio-bots" with an asymmetric physical design and powered by the actuation of an engineered mammalian skeletal muscle strip to result in net locomotion of the bio-bot. Geometric design and material properties of the hydrogel bio-bots were optimized using stereolithographic 3D printing, and the effect of collagen I and fibrin extracellular matrix proteins and insulin-like growth factor 1 on the force production of engineered skeletal muscle was characterized. Electrical stimulation triggered contraction of cells in the muscle strip and net locomotion of the bio-bot with a maximum velocity of ∼156 μm s −1 , which is over 1.5 body lengths per min. Modeling and simulation were used to understand both the effect of different design parameters on the bio-bot and the mechanism of motion. This demonstration advances the goal of realizing forward-engineered integrated cellular machines and systems, which can have a myriad array of applications in drug screening, programmable tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biomimetic machine design.bioactuator | stereolithography

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle

Cvetkovic

Raman

Chan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

365

373

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“…co-workers utilized a similar approach to engineer a walking biohybrid machine, culturing cardiomyocytes onto grooved PDMS surfaces that allowed for high-density patterning of cells onto the synthetic scaffold or "skeleton." [108] These robots, which continued to walk over a period of 10 d, demonstrated that sustained long-term functionality could be generated using such machines. Kitamori and co-workers have shown that such cardiomyocyte-PDMS composite systems can also be targeted at applications in pumping.…”

Section: Use Of Primary Tissue As Biohybrid Machine Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimicry, Biofabrication, and Biohybrid Systems: The Emergence and Evolution of Biological Design

Raman

Bashir

2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

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how the concept of bioinspiration, or imitating biological design and functionality in synthetic materials, created a new class of "smart" biomimetic materials. Then, we shall discuss how the continuing development of enabling manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing and microfluidics, has established the separate subdiscipline of biofabrication for tissue engineering, or "building with biology." Finally, we shall investigate the convergence of these two fields into the emerging discipline of biohybrid design, the use of biological materials to power non-natural functional behaviors in synthetic machines. Throughout this report, we will revisit a single class of materials, hydrogels, as a case study of biological design in the context of each subfield, and discuss how the constraints, underlying principles, and end-use applications differ in each case. We will also discuss ethical considerations of biological design, with a special focus on forward engineering non-natural or hypernatural functional behaviors in biohybrid systems. We will conclude with recommendations for implementing biological design into educational curricula, ensuring effective and responsible practices for the next generation of engineers and scientists. Biomimicry and Bioinspired DesignA deeper understanding of the underlying design principles that govern biological systems has inspired the field of biomimicry. [1,2] Observing adaptive phenomena in nature, scientists and engineers have sought to extract the components of biological design responsible for this behavior and replicate the behavior in synthetic materials. Fundamentally, this involves understanding the building blocks or base units from which a biological material is built, the hierarchical assembly of these building blocks, and the interactions and interfaces between them.In this section, we will discuss strategies that engineers and scientists have employed to engineer bioinspired hierarchy, from bottom-up self-assembly and top-down engineered assembly. We will present several key demonstrations of stimulus-responsive hydrogels ranging from the micro-to the macroscale, and investigate novel demonstrations in biomimetic actuation and movement. We will conclude with the remaining challenges in the field of biomimicry and discuss the potential future impact of bioinspired design.The discipline of biological design has a relatively short history, but has undergone very rapid expansion and development over that time. This Progress Report outlines the evolution of this field from biomimicry to biofabrication to biohybrid systems' design, showcasing how each subfield incorporates bioinspired dynamic adaptation into engineered systems. Ethical implications of biological design are discussed, with an emphasis on establishing responsible practices for engineering non-natural or hypernatural functional behaviors in biohybrid systems. This report concludes with recommendations for implementing biological design into educational curricula, ensuring effective and responsible practice...

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“…Based on the mathematical model of swimmer tails swinging in liquid actuated by an external magnetism in (5), the applied electric current stimulation led to the tails slapping the liquid with a changing angle between the liquid and tail surface. Combined with the proposed mathematical model of the relationship between the swimmer's swimming velocity and the angle between the liquid and tail in (14), the calculated swimming velocity of the swimmer changes according to various actuation parameters, including the actuation frequency and peak current.…”

Section: Actuation Of the Micro-swimmermentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and analysis of bio-syncretic micro-swimmers for cardiomyocyte-based actuation

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Bioinspir. Biomim.

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Along with sensation and intelligence, actuation is one of the most important factors in the development of conventional robots. Many novel achievements have been made regarding bio-based actuators to solve the challenges of conventional actuation. However, few studies have focused on methods for controlling the movement performance of bio-syncretic robots by designing robotic structures and programming actuation bio-entities. In this paper, a theoretical model was derived considering kinematics and hydromechanics to describe the dynamics of a dolphin-shaped microstructure and to control the bio-syncretic swimmer movement by establishing the relationships between the swimming velocity of the bio-swimmer, the cell seeding concentration and the cell contractility. The proposed theoretical model was then verified with the fabricated biomimetic swimmer prototype actuated by equivalent external magnetism replacing the bio-entity force based on the study of living, beating cardiomyocyte contractility. This work can improve the development of bio-syncretic robots with an approach to preplanning the seeding concentration of cells for controlling the movement velocity of microstructures, and is also meaningful for biomimetic robots, medical treatments and interventional therapy applications.

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Establishment of a fabrication method for a long-term actuated hybrid cell robot

Cited by 133 publications

References 21 publications

Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle

Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle

Biomimicry, Biofabrication, and Biohybrid Systems: The Emergence and Evolution of Biological Design

Modeling and analysis of bio-syncretic micro-swimmers for cardiomyocyte-based actuation

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