Establishment of a holistic and scientific protocol for the authentication and quality assurance of edible bird’s nest

Yang, Mei; Cheung, Sau-Ha; Li, Sze Chun; Cheung, Hon-Yeung

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.007

Cited by 59 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Further analysis indicated that AFC samples have the highest expression of this gene, followed by AFM, AMC, and lastly AA samples (Table 4). This finding is in conformity with that of a previous study that reported that non-EBN (grass-nest) contained a similar composition of essential monoses and EGF that is similar to EBN, but at a lower concentration [64]. The current study also suggested that white EBN produced by A. fuciphagus have the highest sialic acid and EGF contents, followed by black EBN produced by A. maximus , and lastly, grass-nest produced by non-EBN-producing swiftlets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Various studies have characterized the composition and the therapeutic properties of EBN [10–12, 62–64]. However, the composition of EBN varies according to nest type, geographical factors, and harvesting period [62].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, white EBN is considered the highest grade EBN and is commercialized at a premium price compared to black EBN [2]. One possible reason for this is that white EBN produced by A. fuciphagus contains higher concentrations of sialic acid and EGF [10, 62–64]. Nevertheless, the potential of black EBN should not be overlooked as our transcriptome analysis indicated that the alanine and aspartate metabolic pathways were up-regulated in salivary gland samples from AMC compared with AFC as the gene expression of both pyruvate dehydrogenase ( PDHB ) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase ( GOT1 ) was higher in samples from AMC compared to AFC (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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De novo transcriptome analysis shows differential expression of genes in salivary glands of edible bird’s nest producing swiftlets

et al. 2017

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BackgroundEdible bird’s nest (EBN), produced from solidified saliva secretions of specific swiftlet species during the breeding season, is one of the most valuable animal by-products in the world. The composition and medicinal benefits of EBN have been extensively studied, however, genomic and transcriptomic studies of the salivary glands of these birds have not been conducted.ResultsThe study described the transcriptomes of salivary glands from three swiftlet species (28 samples) generated by RNASeq. A total of 14,835 annotated genes and 428 unmapped genes were cataloged. The current study investigated the genes and pathways that are associated with the development of salivary gland and EBN composition. Differential expression and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the expression of CREB3L2 and several signaling pathways involved in salivary gland development, namely, the EGFR, BMP, and MAPK signaling pathways, were up-regulated in swiftlets producing white EBN (Aerodramus fuciphagus) and black EBN (Aerodramus maximus) compared with non-EBN-producing swiftlets (Apus affinis). Furthermore, MGAT, an essential gene for the biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), was highly expressed in both white- and black-nest swiftlets compared to non-EBN-producing swiftlets. Interspecies comparison between Aerodramus fuciphagus and Aerodramus maximus indicated that the genes involved in N-acetylneuraminic and fatty acid synthesis were up-regulated in Aerodramus fuciphagus, while alanine and aspartate synthesis pathways were up-regulated in Aerodramus maximus. Furthermore, gender-based analysis revealed that N-glycan trimming pathway was significantly up-regulated in male Aerodramus fuciphagus from its natural habitat (cave) compared to their female counterpart.ConclusionsTranscriptomic analysis of salivary glands of different swiftlet species reveal differential expressions of candidate genes that are involved in salivary gland development and in the biosynthesis of various bioactive compounds found in EBN.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3861-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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De novo transcriptome analysis shows differential expression of genes in salivary glands of edible bird’s nest producing swiftlets

et al. 2017

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“…This is similar to the evolutionary loss of the CMAH enzyme in New World monkeys (the platyrrhines) (Springer et al, 2014). The foods with the highest sialic acid content presently known are edible bird's nests (EBN) (Marcone, 2005), which exclusively contain NANA at levels varying between 7 and 12 w/w % (Strecker et al, 1992, Wieruszeski et al, 1987, Kathan and Weeks, 1969, Howe et al, 1961, Yang et al, 2014b. The high sialic acid content of EBN is attributed to dried swiftlet's saliva, which is rich in highly sialylated mucin glycoproteins (Strecker et al, 1992).…”

Section: Sialic Acid In Foods Of Animal Originmentioning

confidence: 84%

The nutritional role of free sialic acid, a human milk monosaccharide, and its application as a functional food ingredient

Röhrig¹,

Choi

Baldwin

2016

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic acid (NANA), more commonly known by its trivial name sialic acid, is an endogenous human and ubiquitous nutritional monosaccharide. As a bound sugar at the terminal positions of glycans NANA is known to play important roles in many biological events. The data that exist on the occurrence of the free monosaccharide in breast milk and nutrition, however, are less commonly discussed. In most foods of animal origin, sialic acid occurs as a mixture of NANA and N-glycolyl-d-neuraminic acid (NGNA), a hydroxylated derivative of NANA that is not found in humans. The dietary intake of NGNA has been identified as a risk factor for long-term adverse health effects. Therefore, we present summaries on the biochemistry, metabolism, bioavailability, and the data on NANA and NGNA levels that occur in diverse foods. Finally, we discuss the emerging data demonstrating that free NANA is linked to positive nutritional effects including pronounced antioxidative properties. These data and the extremely high safety profile of NANA justify dietary enrichment at levels that correspond to the dietary intake of NANA in infants through breast milk.

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“…The authentication techniques so far can generally be classified under: microscopy (Marcone 2005;Yang et al 2014), chromatography (Chua et al 2015;Hun et al 2016), spectroscopy (Ma and Liu 2012;Marcone 2005), enzymatic and genomic methods (Yang et al 2014;Zhang et al 2013), and qualitative analysis (Marcone 2005). However, most of the techniques are invasive, require tedious sample preparation, slow and generally not easy to use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of swiftlet edible bird nest, a mucin glycoprotein, and its adulterants by Raman microspectroscopy

et al. 2016

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Edible bird's nest (EBN) is made from the glutinous salivary secretion of highly concentrated mucin glycoprotein by swiftlets (genus Aerodramus or Collocalia) native to the Indo-Pacific region. The unique Raman spectrum of EBN has vibrational lines that can be assigned to peptides and saccharides in the glycoprotein, and it can be used to screen for adulteration. The common edible adulterants classified into two types. Type I adulterants, such as fish bladder, pork skin, karaya gum, coralline seaweed, agar strips, and tremella fungus, were solids which adhered externally on the surface of the EBN cement. They can usually be detected with a microscope based on differences in the surface structure. Type II adulterants were water soluble substances such as saccharides (e.g., glucose, sucrose), polypeptides (e.g., hydrolyzed collagen) and salts (e.g. monosodium glutamate) which can be readily soaked up by the EBN hydrogel when moist and adsorbed internally in the EBN cement matrix forming a composite upon drying, making them difficult to detect visually. The present study showed that Raman microspectroscopy offers a rapid, non-invasive, and label free technique to detect both Type I and II adulterants in EBN.

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Establishment of a holistic and scientific protocol for the authentication and quality assurance of edible bird’s nest

Cited by 59 publications

References 17 publications

De novo transcriptome analysis shows differential expression of genes in salivary glands of edible bird’s nest producing swiftlets

De novo transcriptome analysis shows differential expression of genes in salivary glands of edible bird’s nest producing swiftlets

The nutritional role of free sialic acid, a human milk monosaccharide, and its application as a functional food ingredient

Characterization of swiftlet edible bird nest, a mucin glycoprotein, and its adulterants by Raman microspectroscopy

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