Establishment of a New Biomechanical Measurement Method for Surface Deformation of Bone by Force Application via Dental Implants—A Pilot Study

Abstract

Purpose: To date, the qualitative and quantitative recording of biomechanical processes in dental implants represents one of the greatest challenges in modern dentistry. Modern, dynamic, 3D optical measurement techniques allow highly constant and highly accurate measurement of biomechanical processes and can be superior to conventional methods. This work serves to establish a new measurement method. Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis was undertaken for two different measurement systems, two conventional strain gauges versus the 3D optical two-camera measurement system ARAMIS (GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany), as they detected surface changes on an artificial bone block under masticatory force application. Two implants (Straumann Standard Implants Regular Neck, Straumann GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) were placed in the bone block, and three different three-unit bridges were fabricated. Increasing masticatory forces, from 0 to 200 N, were applied to the bone block via each of these bridges and the inserted implants. Fifteen repetitions of the test were performed using a universal testing machine. The computer unit of the ARAMIS system was used to simultaneously integrate the surface changes recorded by the strain gauges and the ARAMIS system. The areas on the bone block examined by the dynamic 3D optical measurement method corresponded exactly to the locations and extent of the strain gauges. A statistical comparative analysis was carried out separately for the strain gauges and the corresponding optical measuring surface at the defined force magnitudes. The equivalence test and the intraclass correlation served as statistical means. Results: In the case of the intraclass correlation, a clear concordance of both measurement methods could be shown for all examined cases. For the equivalence test, no significance could be shown in individual cases. Conclusion: The accuracy of the modern, dynamic, 3D optical measurement method is comparable to that of conventional strain gauges. On this basis, versatile new research approaches in the field of biomechanics of dental implants can be pursued by establishing this method.

Stress Distribution within the Peri-Implant Bone for Different Implant Materials Obtained by Digital Image Correlation

“…The 3D optical image correlation used in the present study to detect changes in the shape of superficial bone due to stress induction is already well established in dentistry [32][33][34]. The transfer of this technology to the measurement of peri-implant bone during masticatory force application was presented as part of a pilot study in 2021 [30]. Good repeatability and measurement stability can be attributed to the method.…”

“…[32][33][34]. The transfer of this technology to the measurement of peri-implant bone during masticatory force application was presented as part of a pilot study in 2021 [30]. Good repeatability and measurement stability can be attributed to the method.…”

“…The direct, three-dimensional measurement of stress distribution on the periimplant bone under simulated masticatory force application was established for the first time by this working group. Surface changes during measurement by the ARAMIS system from Carl Zeiss GOM Metrology GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) under masticatory loading correspond to the accuracy of strain gauges [30]. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different implant materials, specifically, titanium and zirconia, on stress distribution in the porcine jaw.…”

Comparative stress analysis of BioHPP and PEKK CAD/CAM frameworks in mandibular All-on-Four fixed-detachable prosthesis on its supporting implants

“…This study adopted strain gauge stress analysis method to evaluate the strain on the supporting implants as it is considered highly accurate evaluating method as it can recognize very slight strains and surface deformities, and reproducible method of in vitro stress analysis. [30][31][32] Besides as an in vitro study it permits better control over variables (limit human variation) and to facilitate measurements of changes that occur.…”

“…Strain gauges are used to clarify the biomechanical performance of implant-supported prosthesis mimicking variation of cases and designs thus can be used to assess their effect on the supporting implants. [30][31][32] Although, numerous in-vivo and in vitro studies have been published evaluating the effect of different denture base materials on the implant supporting structures, detailed reports on the effect of PEKK are limited. This invitro study meant to assess and compare the strains induced to the supporting implants by BioHPP and PEKK framework manufactured using CAD/CAM in mandibular screw-retained prosthesis following All-in-four design.…”