Establishment of an RI for the urine ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio in dogs

Adrianowycz, Sarah E; Castro, Rebeca; Specht, Andrew; Harris, Autumn N.

doi:10.1111/vcp.13032

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…19 Importantly, the RI does, however, overlap with gastrin concentrations reported in dogs receiving famotidine or omeprazole. 3 The RI overlaps with serum gastrin concentrations in dogs with portosystemic shunts (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31) 20,21,24 As recommended, the 90% confidence intervals did not exceed 20% of the width of the upper and lower RI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Although a RI was established for clinically healthy adult dogs in this study, the sample size of 55 dogs should be considered when interpreting RIs. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines recommend the use of 120 dogs to generate a RI; however, RIs are often based on smaller population sizes in veterinary medicine, including RIs for companion animal species 20,21,24 . As recommended, the 90% confidence intervals did not exceed 20% of the width of the upper and lower RI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishment of a reference interval for 12‐hour fasted serum gastrin concentration in adult dogs

Vose,

Brudvig,

Bassiouny

et al. 2023

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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BackgroundAdherence to traditional 24‐h fasting periods for serum gastrin concentration in dogs can be challenging and may delay the institution of therapies for suspected hypergastrinemia. Peer‐reviewed publications regarding serum gastrin reference intervals (RI) are lacking. Hypercalcemia is associated with hypergastrinemia in people; limited data exist in dogs.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to generate a RI for a 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration in dogs and to investigate whether correlations exist with age, weight, sex, and total calcium concentration.MethodsFifty‐five healthy adult dogs (>1 year of age). The screening included: medical history, physical examination, CBC (15 dogs), and serum chemistry (55 dogs). Gastrin was measured via a commercial radioimmunoassay. The RI for 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration was calculated according to the recommendations of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Additionally, data were evaluated for correlation with selected variables.ResultsThe RI for serum gastrin following a 12‐h fasting period was 15.1–78.9 ng/L with 90% confidence intervals for the lower and upper limits of 14.0–22.9 and 68.3–83.0 ng/L, respectively. A generalized linear model did not detect significant relationships between gastrin and age (P = 0.48), sex (P = 0.30), weight (P = 0.93), or total calcium concentration (P = 0.84).ConclusionsA 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration RI has been established. Given the limited range of serum calcium concentrations in our healthy study population, additional investigations are needed to determine the effects of hypercalcemia on serum gastrin concentrations in dogs and for any potential clinical consequences thereof.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a reference interval for 12‐hour fasted serum gastrin concentration in adult dogs

Vose,

Brudvig,

Bassiouny

et al. 2023

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…The CV and total observed error (TE obs ) for both assays have been previously determined. 9 The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.27%, the inter-assay CV was 2.34%, and allowable total error (TEA) of 6.0% for ammonia. For creatinine, the intra-assay CV was 1.27%, the inter-assay CV was 2.54%, and the TEA was 3.5%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…establish an RI for UACR in dogs. 9 This study used similar techniques of establishing UACR in cats by measuring urine ammonia and creatinine concentrations and calculating the urine ammoniato-creatinine ratio. The "gold standard" in human medicine is the direct measurement of urinary ammonia, which is then reported as either UACR or daily excretion (if 24-h urine volume is known).…”

Section: Samples Collected (N=92)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a reference interval for urinary ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio in feline patients

Brown,

Castro,

Griffin

et al. 2024

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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BackgroundDisruption of acid–base homeostasis can lead to many clinical problems. Ammonia excretion by the kidneys is critical to maintaining acid–base homeostasis through bicarbonate production. Measurement of ammonia excretion may help determine if the kidneys are properly functioning in maintaining acid–base balance. Reference intervals are essential tools for clinical decision‐making but do not currently exist for urinary ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) in feline patients.ObjectiveThis study aimed to generate a reference interval (RI) for UACR in healthy adult cats.MethodsThe study used samples from client‐owned adult healthy cats that presented to the University of Florida Primary Care and Dentistry service (n = 92). Physical examination, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, urine ammonia, and creatinine concentrations were measured. Cats were excluded if there were significant abnormalities in their urinalysis or biochemistry panel. The RI for UACR was calculated according to the recommendation of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. The UACR was evaluated for correlation with serum bicarbonate, weight, age, and sex.ResultsThe RI for UACR was 3.4–20.7 with 90% confidence intervals for the lower and upper limits of (3.0–3.7) and (16.0–23.7), respectively. No significant correlation with age, sex, or weight was found. There was no discernable relationship between serum bicarbonate and UACR.ConclusionsEstablishing an RI for UACR in healthy adult cats will allow further studies to determine if changes in UACR are observed during specific disease states.

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“…Urine ammonia and creatinine concentrations were measured using commercially available enzymatic assays (Ammonia Reagent Assay; Pointe Scientific, Canton, Michigan and Creatinine Assay Kit [ab204537]; Abcam, Cambridge, Massachusetts). The coefficient of variation (CV) and total observed error (TE obs ) for both assays have been determined previously 22 . The intra‐assay CV was 1.27%, the inter‐assay CV was 2.34%, and allowable total error (TEA) was 6.0% for ammonia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between urine anion gap and urine ammonia‐creatinine ratio in healthy cats and cats with kidney disease

Berman,

Specht,

Castro

et al. 2024

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAmmonium excretion decreases as kidney function decreases in several species, including cats, and may have predictive or prognostic value in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urine ammonia measurement is not readily available in clinical practice, and urine anion gap (UAG) has been proposed as a surrogate test.ObjectivesEvaluate the correlation between urine ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) and UAG in healthy cats and those with CKD and determine if a significant difference exists between UAG of healthy cats and cats with CKD.AnimalsUrine samples collected from healthy client‐owned cats (n = 59) and those with stable CKD (n = 17).MethodsUrine electrolyte concentrations were measured using a commercial chemistry analyzer and UAG was calculated as ([sodium] + [potassium]) − [chloride]. Urine ammonia and creatinine concentrations had been measured previously using commercially available enzymatic assays and used to calculate UACR. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between UAG and UACR was calculated for both groups. The UAG values of healthy cats and cats with CKD were assessed using the Mann‐Whitney test (P < .05).ResultsThe UAG was inversely correlated with UACR in healthy cats (P < .002, r0 = −0.40) but not in cats with CKD (P = .55; r0 = −0.15). A significant difference was found between UAG in healthy cats and those with CKD (P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe UAG calculation cannot be used as a substitute for UACR in cats. The clinical relevance of UAG differences between healthy cats and those with CKD remains unknown.

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Establishment of an RI for the urine ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio in dogs

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Establishment of a reference interval for 12‐hour fasted serum gastrin concentration in adult dogs

Establishment of a reference interval for 12‐hour fasted serum gastrin concentration in adult dogs

Development of a reference interval for urinary ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio in feline patients

Correlation between urine anion gap and urine ammonia‐creatinine ratio in healthy cats and cats with kidney disease

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