Establishment of Cephalometric Norms for the South Indian (Karnataka) Population Based on Burstone’s Analysis

Abstract

Primary aim Variability is characteristic of different faces and facial types, and normative data based on one population group does not represent all. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish skeletal cephalometric norms for the South Indian (Karnataka) population utilizing the norms laid by Burstones's analysis for Caucasians. Methods The sample comprised of lateral cephalograms taken in natural head position of 100 participants (50 men, 50 women). The cephalograms were traced, analyzed and interpreted using the landmarks and values given by Burstone's analysis (Cephalometric analysis for Orthognathic surgery). The student's t test, standard deviation and mean deviation were calculated to compare between two groups. Results Statistically significant skeletal differences were found between men and women of the South Indian origin in comparison to Caucasian origin. Men had decreased facial divergence, anterior maxillary dental height and proclined upper incisors. Women had marginally increased cranial base, increased midfacial height and proclined upper incisors.Conclusion Statistically significant differences were found between South Indian men and women when compared with Caucasians in certain key parameters. These differences need to be considered when analyzing the cephalogram for orthognathic surgeries. The values derived from this study may be considered to make the deformity assessment and plan surgery to get optimal results for people of south Indian origin conclusive results can be derived after conducting a study with an eager sample size.

“Are We Similar to Caucasians”: Orthognathic Surgery for North Indians

“…The dental relationship showed relatively proclined lower incisors in north Indian males. Similar findings were reported in the Nanda and Nanda's study for north Indian population [12], south Indian (Karnataka) [3], Chinese [10], Egyptian [6], Kuwaiti [13], Japanese [5], Korean [9] and Saudi [14] populations also. This indicates that, while treating north Indian male subjects, a slight protrusion of teeth in comparison with Caucasian standards will be optimum for their features [12].…”

“…The contributing factor for this was the increase in Ar-ptm. Similar findings were found in south Indian (Karnataka) population [3] and in Egyptians [6]. The horizontal skeletal measurements for north Indian males were similar to Caucasian males but north Indian females had more convex profile compared to their Caucasian counterparts, this being true of Chinese [7], Egyptian [6], Kuwaiti [8] and Saudi [9] female profiles also.…”

“…The problem facing the maxillofacial surgeon in India has been that these analyses are basically for the Caucasian population. Norms for the Indian population have also been put forth but again these have been mainly for the south Indian population [3]. So we decided to conduct a study to establish the cephalometric norms for ethnic north Indian population utilizing the widely accepted analyses given by Burstone et al [1] and Legan and Burstone [2].…”

Cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery in North Indian population using Nemoceph software

“…Posterior maxillary height was significantly lesser in North Indians males and females as compared to the Caucasian. 5 In contrast, males of Karnataka, 20 Posterior maxillary dental height was decreased significantly in both the sexes of North Indian population in comparison to …”

Craniofacial Evaluation of Class I Turkish Adults: Bimler Analysis

“…1,[7][8][9][10] In addition, the skeletal and facial characteristics are under the influence of hereditary, and thus racial factors, and patients need to be examined according to their own norms for their racial or ethnic groups. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In recent years, the number of cephalometric studies for Turkish population has increased. 8,[18][19][20][21] However, the applicability of the norms described in these analyses to Turkish people is controversial.…”