Establishment of endosymbiosis: The case of cnidarians and Symbiodinium

Fransolet, David; Roberty, Stéphane; Plumier, Jean-Christophe

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.015

Cited by 77 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…As in these examples, the sympatric divergence of closely related Symbiodiniaceae in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula indicates the specialization of symbionts to distinct host microenvironments. The fidelity of these partnerships, maintained by recognition and winnowing mechanisms (Fransolet, Roberty, & Plumier, 2012), results in reproductive isolation, and ultimately speciation (Finney et al, 2010;Thornhill et al, 2014).…”

Section: Coral Associations With Symbiodiniaceae Its2 Type Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility

et al. 2020

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Reef‐building corals are at risk of extinction from ocean warming. While some corals can enhance their thermal limits by associating with dinoflagellate photosymbionts of superior stress tolerance, the extent to which symbiont communities will reorganize under increased warming pressure remains unclear. Here we show that corals in the hottest reefs in the world in the Persian Gulf maintain associations with the same symbionts across 1.5 years despite extreme seasonal warming and acute heat stress (≥35°C). Persian Gulf corals predominantly associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and most also hosted Symbiodinium (clade A) and/or Durusdinium (clade D). This is in contrast to the neighbouring and milder Oman Sea, where corals associated with Durusdinium and only a minority hosted background levels of Cladocopium. During acute heat stress, the higher prevalence of Symbiodinium and Durusdinium in bleached versus nonbleached Persian Gulf corals indicates that genotypes of these background genera did not confer bleaching resistance. Within symbiont genera, the majority of ITS2 rDNA type profiles were unique to their respective coral species, confirming the existence of host‐specific symbiont lineages. Notably, further differentiation among Persian Gulf sites demonstrates that symbiont populations are either isolated or specialized over tens to hundreds of kilometres. Thermal tolerance across coral species was associated with the prevalence of a single ITS2 intragenomic sequence variant (C3gulf), definitive of the Cladocopium thermophilum group. The abundance of C3gulf was highest in bleaching‐resistant corals and at warmer sites, potentially indicating a specific symbiont genotype (or set of genotypes) that may play a role in thermal tolerance that warrants further investigation. Together, our findings indicate that co‐evolution of host–Symbiodiniaceae partnerships favours fidelity rather than flexibility in extreme environments and under future warming.

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Section: Coral Associations With Symbiodiniaceae Its2 Type Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility

et al. 2020

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“…Mies et al (2017c) report about 30 cells for both giant clam and nudibranch larvae and more than 100 for coral larvae. Animal hosts are able to select Symbiodinium strains through post-phagocytic recognition mechanisms involving lectin/glycan interactions (Koike et al, 2004;Wood-Charlson et al, 2006;Fransolet et al, 2012). These mechanisms are also active during larval development and reports also show that coral (Bay et al, 2011) and gastropod (Garcia Ramos and Banaszak, 2014) larvae actively select symbionts.…”

Section: Symbiont Acquisition and Larval Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium are dinoflagellate photosynthetic algae that associate with a diverse array of marine invertebrates, and these relationships are comprehensively documented for adult animal hosts. Conversely, comparatively little is known about the associations during larval development of animal hosts, although four different metazoan phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Acoelomorpha, and Mollusca) produce larvae associated with Symbiodinium. These phyla represent considerable diversities in larval forms, manner of symbiont acquisition, and requirements on the presence of symbionts for successful metamorphosis. Importantly, the different requirements are conveyed by specific symbiont types that are selected by the host animal larvae. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether these associations during larval stages already represent mutualistic interactions, as evident from the relationship of Symbiodinium with their adult animal hosts. For instance, molecular studies suggest that the host larval transcriptome is nearly unaltered after symbiont acquisition. Even so, a symbiosis-specific gene has been identified in Symbiodinium that is expressed in larval host stages, and similar genes are currently being described for host organisms. However, some reports suggest that the metabolic exchange between host larvae and Symbiodinium may not cover the energetic requirements of the host. Here, we review current studies to summarize what is known about the association between metazoan larvae and Symbiodinium. In particular, our aim was to gather in how far the mutualistic relationship present between adult animals hosts and Symbiodinium is already laid out at the time of symbiont acquisition by host larvae. We conclude that the mutualistic relationship between animal hosts and algal symbionts in many cases is not set up during larval development. Furthermore, symbiont identity may influence whether a mutualism can be established during host larval stages.

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“…Although understanding of re-infection mechanisms of healed host tissue is progressing [55] little is known concerning tissular mending [36] or regeneration processes that occur during this recovery. Most knowledge on tissue regeneration comes from studies on Hydra .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Cell Proliferation and Mucocyte Density in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia pallida Recovering from Bleaching

et al. 2013

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Recovery of coral after bleaching episodes is a critical period for the health of the reef ecosystem. While events such as symbiont (genus Symbiodinium) shifting/shuffling or tissue apoptosis have been demonstrated to occur following bleaching, little is known concerning tissue recovery or cell proliferation. Here, we studied the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida exposed to a transient elevation of water temperature combined with high illumination (33°C and 1900 µmolphotons.m−2.s−1 for 30h). Following such treatment bleached anemones showed a significant reduction of their Symbiodinium density. Cell proliferation in the ectodermis and gastrodermis was determined by assessing the densities of cells labeled with a thymidine analogue (EdU). Cell proliferation significantly increased during the first day following stress in both tissue types. This increased cell proliferation returned to pre-stress values after one week. Although cell proliferation was higher in the ectodermis in absence of stress, it was relatively more pronounced in the gastrodermis of stressed anemones. In addition, the ratio of ectodermal mucocytes significantly increased three weeks after induced stress. These results suggest that thermal/photic stress coupled with the loss of the symbionts is able to enhance cell proliferation in both gastrodermis and ectodermis of cnidarians. While new cells formed in the gastrodermis are likely to host new Symbiodinium, the fate of new cells in the ectodermis was only partially revealed. Some new ectodermal cells may, in part, contribute to the increased number of mucocytes which could eventually help strengthen the heterotrophic state until restoration of the symbiosis.

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Establishment of endosymbiosis: The case of cnidarians and Symbiodinium

Cited by 77 publications

References 98 publications

Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility

Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

Increased Cell Proliferation and Mucocyte Density in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia pallida Recovering from Bleaching

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