Establishment of <i>Cynodon dactylon</i> from stolon and rhizome fragments

Fernández, Oscar

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00324.x

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…After establishment, managing grazing to maintain NWSG productivity could help limit bermudagrass spread. In addition, our results have implications for other types of management used to maintain NWSG stands such as disking (Harper et al ) because bermudagrass may spread by fragmentation (Fernandez ). The potential for management to affect stand composition through exotic grass invasion following NWSG establishment should therefore be carefully considered by producers and conservationists seeking to reintroduce native grasses to working landscapes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Spread of exotic grass in grazed native grass pastures and responses of insect communities

Monroe

Hill

Martin

2016

Restoration Ecology

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Exotic grasses are widely established across the Southeastern United States for livestock forage, resulting in the structural and compositional simplification of grasslands. Replacing exotic forages with native warm‐season grasses (NWSG) could benefit insects due to increased complexity of plant structure and composition, but livestock grazing also may facilitate spread of remnant exotic grasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) by reducing height and coverage of NWSG. We investigated these relationships among 12 operational‐scale pastures (6.4–10.5 ha) in Mississippi, U.S.A., during May–July (2011–2012). We quantified changes in bermudagrass coverage from one treatment of grazed exotic forages and three treatments of recently established NWSG, including a grazed mixed NWSG polyculture, a grazed Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) monoculture to evaluate the effects of stand‐type richness among NWSG pastures, and a non‐grazed NWSG polyculture to evaluate the effects of grazing. We also assessed responses of two insect orders, Orthoptera and Hemiptera, to treatment and bermudagrass coverage. We estimated a 101–190% average increase in coverage of bermudagrass in grazed native grass pastures (NWSG polyculture and Indian grass monoculture), but not in non‐grazed NWSG, suggesting that grazing facilitated the spread of this grass. Composition of Orthopteran and Hemipteran communities was correlated with bermudagrass coverage, and inter‐year differences in composition for both communities in grazed mixed NWSG, and for Hemiptera in grazed Indian grass, corresponded with increasing bermudagrass coverage in those treatments. Our results suggest that incomplete eradication of exotic forages prior to establishment of NWSG may be exacerbated by grazing, which could then impact stand condition and insect communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Spread of exotic grass in grazed native grass pastures and responses of insect communities

Monroe

Hill

Martin

2016

Restoration Ecology

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“…Fernandez (2003) reported emergence after about 13 d and Montesbravo et al (1985) observed the highest emergence occurred 16 to 30 DAP. In 2011, shoots started emerging at 5 DAP, and at 19 DAP partially buried stolons had a greater number of shoots than totally buried ones (3.5 vs. 7.8 shoots m -2 ).…”

Section: Shoot Emergencementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Owen and Maynard (2007) suggested that larger stems are likely to root better because of increased carbohydrate reserves. Although stolon fragments have sometimes been planted, delayed emergence, lower establishment, and a reduction in total plant dry weight have been reported when using small stolon fragments compared with intact stolons of Cynodon dactylon (Fernandez, 2003). Additionally, it has been reported that starch reserves are lower in less mature tissue at the top of the stolons than in middle and basal nodes (Volterrani et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Stolon Type and Soil Burial Effects on ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass Establishment

et al. 2014

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‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] is a highly productive warm‐season grass, but it must be planted vegetatively using aboveground stems (stolons) or rhizomes. Use of stolons vs. rhizomes provides advantages of reduced cost, greater shoot production, and more planted area per hectare of nursery. However, establishment failures have been reported by producers under challenging environmental conditions common to the Coastal Plain region of the southeastern United States. Thus, strategies for harvesting and planting stolons need to be evaluated further. The objective was to assess the effect of stolon type (length and stolon position) and degree of stolon burial by soil (total or partial) at planting on Tifton 85 bermudagrass establishment. Partial burial of stolons at planting accelerated emergence and increased bermudagrass percentage cover and dry matter harvested at season end. Total burial resulted in only half as many shoots (3.5 vs. 7.8 m−2) as partial burial in 2011; total burial resulted in no emergence in 2012. Partial burial led to as much as 90% bermudagrass soil cover, while total burial provided 66 and 0% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Also, partially buried stolons yielded 1000 kg ha−1 of forage more than totally buried in both years. This finding suggests the planting equipment should be set to achieve shallow planting, ensuring that some parts of the stolons remain uncovered. Stolon type is not as critical as the degree of soil cover on the stolons, which need to remain only partially but not totally buried.

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“…Fernandez (2003) reported bermudagrass emergence as soon as 11 DAP when using rhizome fragments. First shoots started emerging earlier than 30 DAP.…”

Section: Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Planting Rate and Depth Effects on Tifton 85 Bermudagrass Establishment using Rhizomes

et al. 2015

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H ybrid bermudagrasses are highly productive warm-season perennials, and Tifton 85, although considered an elite cultivar, requires vegetative propagation using either stolons or rhizomes (Burton et al., 1993;Hanna and Anderson, 2008). Planting rate of rhizomes is an important factor for successful establishment. Greater planting rates typically result in faster establishment (Stichler and Bade, 2003) and planting rate is often positively related to forage yield in the first year. Recommended rhizome planting rates range from 1.7 to 3.5 m 3 ha -1 , but these rates were determined on sandy-clay loam soils with good moisture and nutrient retention (Evers et al., 2002;Cosgrove and Collins, 2003). Following these recommendations on deep, sandy soils, which is where most hybrid bermudagrasses are used in Florida, can result in establishment failure (Newman et al., 2011). Information on appropriate planting rates under these conditions is needed.Additionally, one problem using dormant rhizomes is that half or more of them may be dead when planted and live ones may not have enough carbohydrate reserves to establish a live plant (Burton, 2011). Taliaferro et al. (2004 reported that planting rate can range up to 5.2 m 3 ha -1 and Mueller et al. (1993) indicated that bermudagrass is usually planted at rates of 4.5 to 5.3 m 3 ha -1 . ABSTRACTAs with stolons, planting rate of rhizomes is important for successful establishment of cultivar Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). Planting depth is another aspect to be considered when establishing rhizomes in soils with low moisture retention. Shallow planting can increase sprouting and emergence; but if rhizomes are placed too shallow they may dry out without irrigation. The overall objective was to evaluate the effect of rhizome planting rate and depth on establishment success. Treatments were the factorial combinations of three planting rates (Low-2.6 m 3 ha -1 , Medium-5.2 m 3 ha -1 , and High-10.4 m 3 ha -1 ) and two planting depths (6 and 12 cm). High planting rate increased Tifton 85 frequency, ground cover, and herbage dry matter (DM), independent of planting depth. In both years, the High rate resulted in 100% grass frequency and ground cover before 120 d after planting. Also, this treatment produced more than 2300 kg DM ha -1 in the establishment year, and this was greater than the Medium and Low rates (1230 and 900 kg ha -1 , respectively) when planted at 6 cm, or than the Low rate planted at 12 cm (1430 kg ha -1 ). When using Low or Medium rates, planting at a 12-cm depth, improved overall performance compared with 6 cm. Medium rhizome planting rate of ~5 m 3 ha -1 at a 12-cm depth provided satisfactory ground cover and herbage DM at lower cost than High and thus is recommended for the sandy soils in the Suwanee River basin.

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Establishment of Cynodon dactylon from stolon and rhizome fragments

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Spread of exotic grass in grazed native grass pastures and responses of insect communities

Spread of exotic grass in grazed native grass pastures and responses of insect communities

Stolon Type and Soil Burial Effects on ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass Establishment

Planting Rate and Depth Effects on Tifton 85 Bermudagrass Establishment using Rhizomes

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