Establishment of Long-Term Preservation for Dimethyl Sulfide by the Solid-Phase Microextraction Method

Abstract

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) derived from marine biological activity affects radiative forcing of the climate. The general analytical technique for DMS in seawater (purge and trap analytical method, P&T) is complex onboard ship. Thus it is difficult to obtain sufficient data for a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of DMS in the sea surface layer. On the other hand, a new analytical method for DMS using SPME (solid-phase microextraction) has recently been developed as an alternative method to P&T. This method is simpler than P&T because no special or complex apparatus is needed. If it is possible to preserve DMS for an extended period in excess of the duration of the cruise, the SPME method is a promising method for measuring DMS in seawater. We assessed an analytical method which can allow us to preserve DMS on the long-term scale using SPME. In liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C), as preserved environment, for a period of 20 days after sampling, we found the preservation rate of DMS to be 94.7 +/- 4.4% (n = 6) in this study. Furthermore, estimating the distribution coefficient with respect to the effect of salinity on SPME, we found that DMS changed by 0.1 nM/% sal, suggesting that salinity has only a minor influence on oceanic DMS measurements in the open ocean because the minimal change of the open ocean salinity is within 2 %. Applying the SPME method to open ocean samples, we found that there were no significant differences in DMS between the unpreserved and preserved samples (r = 0.99, n = 26, SE = 0.01, p < 0.0001), showing the SPME method has potential for use for open ocean surveys.

Equilibrator Inlet-Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (EI-PTR-MS) for Sensitive, High-Resolution Measurement of Dimethyl Sulfide Dissolved in Seawater

“…Recently, a solid-phase microextraction technique was used for extraction of dissolved DMS [12][13][14] and, more importantly, for long- term preservation of DMS, enabling samples to be analyzed in the laboratory rather than at sea. 15 Thus this technique could enhance oceanic DMS data sets; however, like the P&T method, it is not a continuous technique. Tortell 16 recently developed a membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) technique for the highly time-resolved measurement of dissolved DMS and made continuous measurements of DMS dissolved in marine continental shelf waters and coastal waters.…”

Separation of dialkyl sulfides by metallomesogenic stationary phases for complexation gas chromatography

“…The detection of sulfide has gained significant importance within the analytical community as a consequence of toxicological research and the risks associated with occupational exposure [20,21]. The VSCs, such as dialkyl sulfides in a variety of matrices have been analyzed using the headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC [22][23][24]. A two-dimensional GC method was necessary for the separation of sulfur compounds in crude oil [25].…”

Growth of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles on Steel Fiber from Candle Flame for the Long-Term Preservation of Ultratrace Mercury by Solid-Phase Microextraction

“…A different method of potential alleviation of the analyte loss may be obtained by efficiently separating the analyte from sample matrices. ,− Compared to other separation and preconcentration techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is more convenient and significantly minimizes organic solvent consumption, simplifies sample preparation procedure, and reduces analytical cost, thus retaining the great potential to separation and long-term preservation of analyte before their analyses. − Although practiced for almost 30 years as a popular sampling technique since it was developed in the 1990s by Pawliszyn, SPME has not been used for long-term preservation of analyte apart from a single report by Sakamoto . The coating of SPME fiber is considered the most critical factor affecting its extraction capability.…”

“…17−25 Although practiced for almost 30 years as a popular sampling technique since it was developed in the 1990s by Pawliszyn, 18 SPME has not been used for longterm preservation of analyte apart from a single report by Sakamoto. 15 The coating of SPME fiber is considered the most critical factor affecting its extraction capability. Then, significant efforts have been dedicated to developing interesting coatings over the past several decades.…”