Establishment of the West Nile virus vector, <i>Culex modestus</i>
, in a residential area in Denmark

Bødker, René; Klitgård, Kirstine; Byriel, David Bille; Kristensen, Birgit

doi:10.1111/jvec.12121

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…There was a number of outbreaks of malaria in the sixteenth to eighteenth century and as recent as in the nineteenth century 28 , with 33 cases reported as late as 1911 in Denmark 29 , which supports our findings that the microclimatic temperature was warm enough to allow malarial parasite development in mosquitoes at that time. The vectors for West Nile virus and Dirofilaria have recently been reported in Denmark 30 . Our findings suggest that it is likely that Dirofilaria (minimum EIP- 20 days) and West Nile virus (minimum EIP- 17 days) could be transmitted in Denmark if introduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

Haider

Kirkeby

Kjær

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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We quantified the difference between the meteorological temperature recorded by the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) weather stations and the actual microclimatic temperatures at two or three different heights at six potential insect habitats. We then compared the impact of the hourly temperature on the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of six pathogens. Finally, we developed a regression model, enabling us to predict the microclimatic temperatures of different habitats based on five standard meteorological parameters readily available from any meteorological institution. Microclimatic habitats were on average 3.5–5 °C warmer than the DMI recorded temperatures during midday and 1–3 °C cooler at midnight. The estimated EIP for five of the six microclimatic habitats was shorter than the estimates based on DMI temperatures for all pathogens studied. The microclimatic temperatures also predicted a longer season for virus development compared to DMI temperatures. Based on DMI data of hourly temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, rain and humidity, we were able to predict the microclimatic temperature of different habitats with an R2 of 0.87–0.96. Using only meteorological temperatures for vector-borne disease transmission models may substantially underestimate both the daily potential for virus development and the duration of the potential transmission season.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

Haider

Kirkeby

Kjær

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…(Schaffner et al , Bueno‐Marí ). Because it is spreading throughout Europe, its ability to act as a secondary vector makes it more relevant (Bødker et al , Vaux et al ). Culex pipiens s.s. was undoubtedly the most abundant species in this survey and particularly in urban habitats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mosquito fauna of the western region of Spain with emphasis on ecological factors and the characterization ofCulex pipiensforms

Bravo‐Barriga

Gomes

Almeida

et al. 2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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This study updates the diversity, distribution, and seasonal trends of mosquitoes in a western region of Spain, assesses ecological determinants of Culex pipiens s.l., and determines form composition of Cx. pipiens s.s. populations. A total of 1,495 mosquitoes of 16 species was collected during 2012-2013, of which Cx. pipiens s.l. and Cx. theileri were the most abundant. Five new records for An. maculipennis s.s., Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor, Cx. europaeus, and Cx. modestus were found for this region. Cx. pipiens density varied across weather and habitat patterns, correlating positively with high temperatures and with a preference for urbanized areas and rural areas within a proximity of ovine farms. Moreover, molecular identification by CQ11FL was performed in 467 Cx. pipiens s.s., detecting both pipiens (66%) and molestus (8.4%) forms coexisting in different habitats (urban, peri-urban and rural) aboveground with a high degree of hybridization (25.7%). The abundance of Cx. pipiens in urban areas and farms, with the presence of hybrids, may increase their capacity to act as bridge vectors for the transmission of arboviral infections. These data will be helpful for further implementation of entomological programs focused on risk assessment for arboviruses or other mosquito-borne pathogens.

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“…The species has been reported to be highly impacted by anthropogenic environmental change in the Camargue, France [ 23 ], and in the Czech Republic it is now widely distributed and abundant having been found rarely in previous decades [ 24 ]. The species has also recently been reported for the first time in Denmark [ 25 ]. Within this context, the range and dominance of this species appears to be increasing in relation to other species in the UK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced West Nile virus surveillance in the North Kent marshes, UK

Vaux

Gibson

Hernández‐Triana

et al. 2015

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundAs part of efforts to more fully understand the potential risks posed by West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in the UK, and following on from previous reports of a potential bridge vector Culex modestus for these viruses, at wetland sites in North Kent, mosquito surveillance was undertaken more widely across the Isle of Sheppey, the Hoo Peninsula and the Kent mainland.MethodsLarval surveys were conducted and Mosquito Magnet® adult traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes. Pools of female mosquitoes were tested for the presence of WNV using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A subset of samples was tested for USUV.ResultsCulex modestus was found in both the pre-imaginal and imago stage at all five locations surveyed, accounting for 90% of adult mosquitoes collected. WNV or USUV were not detected in any sample.ConclusionsAlthough no mosquitoes have been shown to be virus positive, the field survey data from this study demonstrated the dominance of an important bridge vector species for WNV in this region. Its wide geographical distribution highlights the need to update risk assessments on WNV introduction, and to maintain vigilance for WNV in the South East of England.

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Establishment of the West Nile virus vector, Culex modestus , in a residential area in Denmark

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

The mosquito fauna of the western region of Spain with emphasis on ecological factors and the characterization ofCulex pipiensforms

Enhanced West Nile virus surveillance in the North Kent marshes, UK

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