Esterification of fatty acids by new ionic liquids as acid catalysts

Aghabarari, Behzad; Dorostkar, Nasim; Ghiaci, Mehran; Amini, Sajad Ghaed; Rahimi, Ebrahim; Martı́nez-Huerta, M.V.

doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2013.08.003

Cited by 53 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, there is usually no substantial improvement in the product conversion when the reaction temperature increased further. This results was in agreement with Aghabarari et al [22] and Ghiaci et al [23]. At reaction temperatures below than 348 K, the conversion Figure 3.…”

Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Esterification Of supporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the first phase, the substrate SUCO reacted rapidly with the excess ethanol, and more than 67% SUCO was converted within 3 h. In the second phase, the reaction rate gradually increased in the period from 4 to 7 h, and a relatively high conversion of FFA (98%) was obtained at a reaction of 7 h. In the third phase, the esterification reaction moved to equilibrium stage, and the conversion showed no improvement at this extended reaction time. It was found that when the reaction time exceeds the time required to attain equilibrium, the conversion does not increase significantly with increasing reaction time, in agreement reported by Aghabarari et al [22] and Ullah et al [26]. Therefore, the optimum time needed to produce the highest conversion at optimum temperature and molar ratio is 7 h.…”

Section: Effect Of Molar Ratio Of Ethanol To Suco On the Esterificatisupporting

confidence: 86%

“…FFA conversion of 98% was achieved at a reaction temperature of 343 K in 7 h reaction time. Further increase of the reaction temperature (348 K) did not lead to a significant improvement in the product conversion, indicating that the reaction was close to equilibrium [8,22]. However, the time taken to achieve equilibrium when operate the reaction at 348 K was shorter than 343 K which is 6 h. Increasing the temperature increases the reaction rates because of the disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions.…”

Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Esterification Of mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Copyright © 2016, BCREC, ISSN 1978-2993 [22] and Ghiaci et al [23]. Lastly, a further increase in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain resulted in a decrease in the conversion, probably due to steric hindrance restricting the attack of propanol and n-butanol at the carbonyl groups of the triglyceride.…”

Section: Bulletin Of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis 11 (2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Roslan

Hasnan

Abdullah

et al. 2016

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1 H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4.

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Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Esterification Of supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Effect Of Molar Ratio Of Ethanol To Suco On the Esterificatisupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Esterification Of mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Bulletin Of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis 11 (2mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Roslan

Hasnan

Abdullah

et al. 2016

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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“…Upon completion of the reaction, there was no complete separation of the product from the reaction mixture as it was reported by other researchers 27, 30 . To completely separate the product from the reaction mixture, 3 mL of diethyl ether and 3 mL of distilled deionized water was added.…”

Section: Extraction Of the Ionic Liquidsupporting

confidence: 55%

Coupling of subcritical methanol with acidic ionic liquids for the acidity reduction of naphthenic acids

Zafar

Mandal

Shaari

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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The presence of naphthenic acids (NAs) in crude oil is the major cause of corrosion in the refi neries and its processing equipment. The goal of this study is to reduce the total acid number (TAN) of NAs by treating them with subcritical methanol in the presence of acidic ionic liquid (AIL) catalysts. Experiments were carried out in an autoclave batch reactor and the effect of different reaction parameters was investigated. It was observed that TAN reduction was positively dependent on the temperature and concentration of the AIL whereas excess of methanol has a negative effect. Approximately 90% TAN reduction was achieved under the optimized reaction conditions using [BMIM]HSO 4 as catalyst. It was also perceived from the experimental results that the AILs with longer alkyl chain exhibited higher catalytic activity. The activity and stability of AIL showed that they can be promising catalyst to esterify NAs under subcritical methanol.

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Producing Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Free Fatty Acids with Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

et al. 2018

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Three Brønsted acidic imidazole dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) with different length of alkyl chains, [Cn(Mim)2][HSO4]2 (n = 3, 6, 12), were prepared and used as catalyst for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids and methanol. Taking oleic acid as model acid, the catalytic performances of the synthesized ILs for the esterification were evaluated. The main physicochemical properties of the ILs, thermal stability, acidity, solubility in common solvents, and causticity on Austenitic stainless steel 316, were examined. [C3(Mim)2][HSO4]2 demonstrated the highest catalytic activity and enabled to assess the preliminary optimum esterification condition of oleic acid and methanol. Under optimized reaction conditions, the yield of oleic acid methyl ester was up to 95 %. The ILs have great potential as catalysts for producing fatty acid methyl esters from long‐chain free fatty acids.

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Esterification of fatty acids by new ionic liquids as acid catalysts

Cited by 53 publications

References 15 publications

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Coupling of subcritical methanol with acidic ionic liquids for the acidity reduction of naphthenic acids

Producing Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Free Fatty Acids with Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

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