Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil Using Gelular Exchange Resin as Catalysts

Yunus, Nursofia Binti Mohd; Roslan, Nurul Asmawati; Yee, Chin Sim; Abidin, Sumaiya Zainal

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.450

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This is due to the more active site presence (hydrogen ion within the Amberlyst 15) in the reaction mixture. The rise in the number of active sites within reaction mixture provided the chance of oleic acid reacted with methanol on the surface of the catalyst and yielded increase reaction rate [6,11,12]. The previous result shows that the increases of the catalyst amount above 10% yield a plateau, which is suggesting that the equilibrium condition is reached.…”

Section: The Effect Of Catalyst Amountmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This is due to the catalyst was stored for a quite long time. The ion exchange capacity will be very influential in converting FFA into biodiesel [11].…”

Section: Ion Exchange Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher the reaction temperature, the collisions that occur between the reactant particles are higher, causing the reaction to be faster and the conversion increases [11,12]. In this esterification reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by Amberlyst 15, the reaction temperature was varied from 30 o C to 60 o C. The reaction temperature should be below 64 °C because at temperatures above 64 °C the methanol will evaporate, causing contact between methanol and oleic acid to be reduced.…”

Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yunus et al studied these variables effect to FFA conversion. The FFA conversion using waste cooking oil as a feedstock was 88% under a reaction temperature of 60 0 C, methanol to oil mass ratio of 18:1, catalyst amount of 3.0 % and stirring speed of 300 rpm [11]. Another study [12] reported that the optimum conditions for the esterification were achieved at 70 0 C of reaction temperature, 5% of catalyst loading and 6:1 of ethanol to the oleic acid molar ratio by using the zeolite prepared from kaolin and achieved FFA conversion 85% after 60 min [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60 o C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

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Section: The Effect Of Catalyst Amountmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This is due to the catalyst was stored for a quite long time. The ion exchange capacity will be very influential in converting FFA into biodiesel [11].…”

Section: Ion Exchange Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of Reaction Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

et al. 2018

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“…Recent literature reveals documented reports on the esterification of free fatty acids using solid catalyst (Hood et al, 2018;Michelle et al, 2016;Nuithitikul et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2018;Veillette et al, 2017;Yunus et al, 2016) such as corn cob (Hussain & Kumar, 2018), tin, gelular exchange resin based catalyst, solid heteropolyacid catalyst (Gaurav et al, 2019), HSO3-functionalized halloysite nanotubes (Silva et al, 2018), acidic metal oxides with supported polyoxometalate catalysts (Avramidou et al, 2017) etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kinetics of the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Jatropha Oil using Glycerol based Solid Acid Catalyst

Rani

Neeharika

Vardhan

et al. 2020

EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV

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The studied work presents the kinetics of the esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in jatropha oil with methanol (Alc) using glycerol based solid acid catalyst (SAC) at varying catalyst mass concentrations from 2.5 to 4.0 %, temperature 50-65 °C that is upto refluxing temperature and atmospheric pressure and Alc-FFA mole ratios ranging from 7.2:1 to 28.8:1 with respect to the FFA present in the oil matrix. The optimized esterification parameters were observed as 3.5% mass concentration of glycerol based SAC with 21.6:1, Alc-FFA mole ratio at temperature of 65 °C for a time period of 4 h which provided a conversion of about 97.03%. Based on the experimental results a second order kinetic model is proposed. The temperature influence on the rate of the reaction, Arrhenius constants and activation energies were evaluated. The reaction heat and energy of activation for the reaction were found to be 10.315 kcal/mol and 11.38 kcal/mol respectively.

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Ultrasound intensification of two‐stage biodiesel production: optimization for palm empty fruit bunch oil as a palm oil industry by‐product

Seithtanabutara,

Pholsawang,

Wongwuttanasatian

2023

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Palm empty fruit bunch oil (palm EFB oil) is a waste product that can be used to produce biodiesel at a low cost. However, high free fatty acid (FFA) content is the primary obstacle to biodiesel production. Before the transesterification process can begin, the oil must be esterified to reduce its acid content. This study seeks to employ dual‐frequency ultrasound at frequencies of 28 kHz (200 W) and 40 kHz (200 W) to aid in the esterification and transesterification of ZSM‐5‐38 and CaO catalysts, respectively. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal conditions for the three primary parameters of methanol to oil (M:O molar ratio), catalyst loading and reaction time. A 12:1 M:O molar ratio, 11.36 wt% catalyst loading (ZSM‐5‐38) and 60 min of reaction duration were the optimal conditions for esterification to achieve a FFA conversion of 91.51%. The reusability of ZSM‐5‐38 revealed a decrease in FFA conversions of 87.36, 75.11, 67.13 and 58.68% with each reused cycle. The optimal transesterification conditions were a 3.28:1 M:O molar ratio, 4.62 wt% catalyst loading (CaO) and 64 min of reaction time, yielding 83.58% biodiesel. The viscosity value (D 445), the flash point (D 93) and the heating value (ASTM D240) of biodiesel produced under optimal conditions were evaluated. The biodiesel properties were determined to be 4.7931 mm2/s, 176°C and 40 398 kJ/kg, respectively.

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Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil Using Gelular Exchange Resin as Catalysts

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

The Kinetics of the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Jatropha Oil using Glycerol based Solid Acid Catalyst

Ultrasound intensification of two‐stage biodiesel production: optimization for palm empty fruit bunch oil as a palm oil industry by‐product

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