Esterification of Jatropha curcas hydrolysate using powdered niobic acid catalyst

From Waste to Catalyst: Transforming Mussel Shells into a Green Solution for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil

“…This decrease is primarily due to higher temperatures causing methanol to evaporate, resulting in reduced yields [44]. Additionally, when the reaction temperature surpasses the optimal range, biodiesel yields drop due to triglycerides undergoing saponification [45][46][47]. The highest methyl ester production reached 86% under operational conditions after 6 h, highlighting the substantial impact of temperature on oil transesterification [48].…”

Advances in biomass derived low-cost carbon catalyst for biodiesel production: preparation methods, reaction conditions, and mechanisms

“…In comparison to other petro-diesel, biodiesel has high ashpoint and cetane number, and low cold ow properties and caloric values. 10,11 Due to these properties, biodiesel is more secure for storage and transport. As energy source, biodiesel claimed to reduce 78% of CO 2 emissions as petro-diesel.…”

Sulfonated rim rubber used as a solid catalyst for the biodiesel production with oleic acid and optimized by Box-Behnken method

“…Organic esters are of considerable economic interest due to their applications as solvents, extractants, plasticizers, lubricants, lubricating additives and even, in the case of some volatile esters, as aromatic compounds, in perfumes, cosmetics, and food reports (Wang et al, 2018). Oleic acid is present in natural oils and its esterification catalyzed by acid becomes a model reaction of biodiesel production (Mohammed et al, 2016;Sánchez-Cárdenas et al, 2016;Sánchez-Cárdenas et al, 2017). In recent literature reports the esterification of oleic acid with methanol.…”