Estimate risk difference and number needed to treat in survival analysis

Zhang, Zhongheng; Ambrogi, Federico; Bokov, Alex; Gu, Hongqiu; Beurs, Edwin de; Eskaf, Khaled

doi:10.21037/atm.2018.01.36

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cumulative incidence difference (CID) of diabetes at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months since treatment were compared between treatment groups, using the weighted cox model adjusted for non-balanced variables after IPTW [21,22]. The 95% CIs for CID were estimated using bootstrap methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin and the risk for incident diabetes among patients with atrial fibrillation: a population‐based cohort study

Cheung

Sing

Lau

et al. 2021

Cardiovasc Diabetol

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Background Diabetes mellitus is a common comorbidity of atrial fibrillation (AF), which can complicate the management of AF. The pharmacology of oral anticoagulants (OACs) have been implicated in pathogenesis of diabetes, but the relationship between different OACs and risk of diabetes remains unexamined. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of diabetes with use of different OACs in AF patients. Methods Population-based retrospective cohort study using an electronic healthcare database managed by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. Patients newly diagnosed with AF from 2014 through 2018 and prescribed OACs were included and followed till December 31, 2019. Inverse probability of treatment weighting based on the propensity score (PS) is used to address potential bias due to nonrandomized allocation of treatment. The risks ofdiabetes were compared between different new OAC users using propensity score-weighted cumulative incidence differences (CID). Results There were 13,688 new users of OACs (warfarin: n = 3454; apixaban: n = 3335; dabigatran: n = 4210; rivaroxaban: n = 2689). The mean age was 75.0 (SD, 11.2), and 6,550 (47.9%) were women. After a median follow-up of 0.93 years (interquartile range, 0.21–1.92 years), 698 incident diabetes cases were observed. In Cox-regression analysis, dabigatran use was significantly associated with reduced risk of diabetes when compared with warfarin use [HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.56–0.86; P < 0.001)], with statistically insignificant associations observed for use of apixaban and rivaroxaban. The corresponding adjusted CIDs at 2 years after treatment with apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban users when compared with warfarin were − 2.06% (95% CI − 4.08 to 0.16%); − 3.06% (95% CI − 4.79 to − 1.15%); and − 1.8% (− 3.62 to 0.23%). In head-to-head comparisons between women DOAC users, dabigatran was also associated with a lower risk of diabetes when compared with apixaban and rivaroxaban. Conclusions Among adults with AF receiving OACs, the use of dabigatran had the lowest risk of diabetes when compared with warfarin use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin and the risk for incident diabetes among patients with atrial fibrillation: a population‐based cohort study

Cheung

Sing

Lau

et al. 2021

Cardiovasc Diabetol

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“… 35 Corresponding 95% CIs for cumulative incidence, risk difference and NNS estimates were derived through bootstrapping with 1000 replications. 36 We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate YCRC hazard ratios (HRs). Follow-up of each matched cluster started on index date and continued until YCRC diagnosis or first censoring date.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young-onset colorectal cancer risk among individuals with iron-deficiency anaemia and haematochezia

Demb

Liu

Murphy

et al. 2020

Gut

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ObjectiveYoung-onset colorectal cancer (YCRC) incidence is rising. Scant data exist on YCRC risk after presentation with concerning symptoms such as iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) or haematochezia. We examined the association between IDA and YCRC, and haematochezia and YCRC.DesignCohort study of US Veterans aged 18–49 years receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care 1999–2016. IDA analytic cohort was created matching individuals without incident IDA to those with IDA 4:1 based on sex, birth year and first VHA visit date (n=239 000). We used this approach to also create a distinct haematochezia analytic cohort (n=653 740). Incident YCRC was ascertained via linkage to cancer registry and/or cause-specific mortality data. We computed cumulative incidence, risk difference (RD) and HRs using Cox models in each cohort.ResultsFive-year YCRC cumulative incidence was 0.45% among individuals with IDA versus 0.05% without IDA (RD: 0.39%, 95% CI: 0.33%–0.46%), corresponding to an HR of 10.81 (95% CI: 8.15–14.33). Comparing IDA versus no IDA, RD was 0.78% for men (95% CI: 0.64%–0.92%) and 0.08% for women (95% CI: 0.03%–0.13%), and RD increased by age from 0.14% for <30 years to 0.53% for 40–49 years. YCRC cumulative incidence was 0.33% among individuals with haematochezia versus 0.03% without haematochezia (RD: 0.30%, 95% CI: 0.26%–0.33%), corresponding to an HR of 10.66 (95% CI: 8.76–12.97). Comparing haematochezia versus no haematochezia, RD increased by age from 0.04% for <30 years to 0.43% for 40–49 years.ConclusionColonoscopy should be strongly considered in adults aged <50 years with IDA or haematochezia without a clinically confirmed alternate source.

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“…Additionally, the adjusted risk differences of statin therapy were calculated for 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. 26 Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to compensate for missing values in ASA classification using a proportional odds model; this resulted in 5 imputed data sets. All imputations were performed before calculating the probability of treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statin therapy and its association with long-term survival after colon cancer surgery

Pourlotfi

Hulme

Forssten

et al. 2022

Surgery

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Background: The current study aims to address the clinical equipoise regarding the association of ongoing statin therapy at time of surgery with long-term postoperative mortality rates after elective, curative, surgical resections of colon cancer by analyzing data from a large validated national register. Methods: All adults with stage I to III colon cancer who underwent elective surgery with curative intent between January 2007 and October 2016 were retrieved from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Register, a prospectively collected national register. Patients were identified as having ongoing statin therapy if they filled a prescription within 12 months pre-and postoperatively. Study outcomes included 5-year allcause and cancer-specific postoperative mortality. To reduce the impact of confounding from covariates owing to nonrandomization, the inverse probability of treatment weighting method was used. Subsequently, Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to the weighted cohorts. Results: In total, 19,118 patients underwent elective surgery for colon cancer in the specified period, of whom 31% (5,896) had ongoing statin therapy. Despite being older, having a higher preoperative risk, and having more comorbidities, patients with statin therapy had a higher postoperative survival. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, patients with statin therapy displayed a significantly lower mortality risk up to 5 years after surgery for both all-cause (hazard ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.63e0.74, P < .001) and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.66e0.89, P < .001). Conclusion:The results of this study indicate that statin therapy is associated with a sustained reduction in all-cause and cancer-specific mortality up to 5 years after elective colon cancer surgery. The findings warrant validation in future prospective clinical trials.

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Estimate risk difference and number needed to treat in survival analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin and the risk for incident diabetes among patients with atrial fibrillation: a population‐based cohort study

Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin and the risk for incident diabetes among patients with atrial fibrillation: a population‐based cohort study

Young-onset colorectal cancer risk among individuals with iron-deficiency anaemia and haematochezia

Statin therapy and its association with long-term survival after colon cancer surgery

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