Estimated Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Major Food Sources of U.S. Adults ,2

Abstract

Estimating flavonoid intake is a first step toward documenting the protective effects of flavonoids against risk of chronic diseases. Although flavonoids are important dietary sources of antioxidants, insufficient data on the comprehensive food composition of flavonoids have delayed the assessment of dietary intake in a population. We aimed to estimate the dietary flavonoid intake in U.S. adults and its sociodemographic subgroups and to document major dietary sources of flavonoids. We expanded the recently released USDA Flavonoid Database to increase its correspondence with the 24-h dietary recall (DR) of the NHANES 1999-2002. We systematically assigned a particular food code to all foods that were prepared or processed similarly. This expanded database included 87% of fruits and fruit juices, 86% of vegetables, 75% of legumes, and, overall, 45% of all foods reported by the 24-h DR of the NHANES 1999-2002. Estimated mean daily total flavonoid intake, 189.7 mg/d, was mainly from flavan-3-ols (83.5%), followed by flavanones (7.6%), flavonols (6.8%), anthocyanidins (1.6%), flavones (0.8%), and isoflavones (0.6%). The flavonoid density of diets increased with age (P < 0.001) and income (P < 0.05). It was higher in women (P < 0.001), Caucasians (P < 0.001), and vitamin supplement users (P < 0.001) and lower in adults with high levels of nonleisure time physical activity (P < 0.01) compared with their counterparts. The greatest daily mean intake of flavonoids was from the following foods: tea (157 mg), citrus fruit juices (8 mg), wine (4 mg), and citrus fruits (3 mg). The proposed relation between flavonoid intake and the prevention of chronic diseases needs further investigation using the estimates introduced in this study.

Associations between dietary flavonoid intakes and bone health in a scottish population

“…This is not unexpected because the flavonoid density of the diet has been found to increase with age, income, female gender, and white race. (31) The correlations of intakes between FFQ and 4-day food diaries were good (r ¼ 0.76 for total flavonoids). Willett (32) suggests that when FFQs are compared with multiple records of diet, correlation coefficients may reach 0.6 to 0.7, but values of 0.8 to 0.9 are unlikely.…”

Tomato lycopene attenuates myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol: Electrocardiographic, biochemical and anti–apoptotic study

“…CRP has been used as a sensitive predictor of acute cardiovascular events compared with other widely used biomarkers [27] . Several population based observational studies have reported that serum CRP concentrations are inversely associated with dietary intake of fruits, vegetables and tea, which are rich in polyphenolic antioxidants [28] . Increased MPO activity indicates an acute inflammation and leukocyte accumulation in heart tissues of the ISO-injected rats [29] .…”

Potential anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti/estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of anthocyanins and their gut metabolites

“…Anthocyanins intake in humans has been estimated to be between 3 and 215 mg/day (Chun et al 2007;Frankel et al 1995;Pérez-Jimenez et al 2011;Wu et al 2006). Most studies have shown very low bioavailability of anthocyanins based only on the measurement in plasma or urine of the original anthocyanins and their conjugated metabolites, glucuronidated, and sulfated anthocyanins (Manach et al 2005).…”