Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in the United States, 1996

Sl, Groseclose; Aa, Zaidi; Sj, DeLisle; Wc, Levine; Me, St Louis

doi:10.1097/00007435-199907000-00006

Cited by 75 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Also, the search for periodontal pathogens has focused on the microbial dental plaque and for this study dental plaque was considered to be more similar to the debris that is removed before epithelial cell specimen collection for C. trachomatis at cervical and conjunctival locations. C. trachomatis infections are important because they are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States (estimated at least 3 million cases for 1996) [28], and the sequelae of C. trachomatis infections in women are the most costly outcome (estimated 4 billion annually) of any sexually transmitted infection except HIV/AIDS [34,60]. Chlamydia became a nationally notifiable disease in 1995, and the above numbers for genital C. trachomatis are probably conservative reflecting some of the difficulties of introducing surveillance [19,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C. trachomatis infections are important because they are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States (estimated at least 3 million cases for 1996) [28], and the sequelae of C. trachomatis infections in women are the most costly outcome (estimated 4 billion annually) of any sexually transmitted infection except HIV/AIDS [34,60]. Chlamydia became a nationally notifiable disease in 1995, and the above numbers for genital C. trachomatis are probably conservative reflecting some of the difficulties of introducing surveillance [19,28]. In light of these estimates, the possibility of the epithelial lining of the periodontal pocket or sulcus as a reservoir for C. trachomatis warrants investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis

Reed

Lopatin

Foxman

et al. 2000

Clinical Oral Investigations

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Periodontitis is considered a consequence of a pathogenic microbial infection at the periodontal site and host susceptibility factors. Periodontal research supports the association of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Bacteroides forsythus, and periodontitis; however causality has not been demonstrated. In pursuit of the etiology of periodontitis, we hypothesized that the intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis, may play a role. As a first step, a cross-sectional study of dental school clinic patients with established periodontitis were assessed for the presence of C. trachomatis in the oral cavity, and in particular from the lining epithelium of periodontal sites. C. trachomatis was detected using a direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody (DFA) in oral specimens from 7% (6/87) of the patients. Four patients tested positive in specimens from the lining epithelium of diseased periodontal sites, one patient tested positive in healthy periodontal sites, and one patient tested positive in the general mucosal specimen. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary evidence of C. trachomatis in the periodontal sites. Planned studies include the use of a more precise periodontal epithelial cell collection device, the newer nucleic acid amplification techniques to detect C. trachomatis, and additional populations to determine the association of C. trachomatis and periodontitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis

Reed

Lopatin

Foxman

et al. 2000

Clinical Oral Investigations

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“…1 Highest rates of infections occur among young adults aged 15-24, and rates are often higher in females than males. Infections are often asymptomatic, and if untreated, may lead to upper genital tract complications of proctitis and epididymitis in men, and pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal factor infertility in women.…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation between culture testing of swabs and ligase chain reaction of first void urine from patients recently treated for Chlamydia trachomatis

Jang

Sellors²,

Howard³

et al. 2003

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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We assessed the correlation between ligase chain reaction (LCR) on first void urine (FVU) and cultures of urethral and cervical swabs to detect chlamydia during three posttreatment follow up visits for 10 men and 19 women with genital chlamydial infections who had been treated with azithromycin or doxcycline.T he most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America is Chlamydia trachomatis. 1 Highest rates of infections occur among young adults aged 15-24, and rates are often higher in females than males. Infections are often asymptomatic, and if untreated, may lead to upper genital tract complications of proctitis and epididymitis in men, and pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal factor infertility in women. 2 Rates of recurrence or persistence of chlamydial infection in young women have been estimated to range from 4.1% to 13.4%. 3 Current treatment guidelines in Canada and the United States for C trachomatis infections recommend oral treatment with a 7 day course of doxycycline or a single dose of azithromycin. Studies have demonstrated comparable cure rates for both single and multidose therapy. 4 Ligase chain reaction (LCR) testing of first void urine (FVU) to detect C trachomatis is an alternative to swab testing, especially in settings where most individuals are asymptomatic, or where patients are unlikely to agree to a pelvic examination or urethral swab. 5 Other nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and transcription mediated amplification (TMA) have demonstrated similar efficacy on FVU and some data are available on the role of NAA assays as tests of cure. 6-8 METHODS Patient selectionTen men and 19 women, who were confirmed positive for C trachomatis by EIA or culture and were positive in FVU tested by LCR at baseline, were recruited from STD clinics which participated in a multicentre randomised controlled trial in Vancouver, British Columbia, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Laval, Quebec, and Regina, Saskatchewan. That trial compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of azithromycin (1 g single dose) and doxycycline (100 mg twice daily for 7 days). Men with symptoms (urethral discharge, dysuria or urethral irritation) and a urethral smear negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, showing >4 polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) per high power field were eligible. Women with an endocervical smear showing >10 PMN per high power field or with a positive chlamydia enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or culture were also eligible. All subjects gave written informed consent, which was approved by the institutional review board at each participating institution.All 29 patients returned for at least two of the three follow up visits at 8, 28, and 42 days after treatment had begun. Clinical visitsAt the initial visit each patient underwent a physical examination and a medical history was taken. A clinical examination was performed, documenting urethral discharge, dysuria, and urethral irritation in men and purulent or mucopurulent di...

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“…Two of the four recognized species are pathogenic for humans; these are Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The estimated annual incidence of C. trachomatis infection in the U.S. is ϳ3 million cases per year (1). Chlamydial infection in women can cause salpingitis, resulting in ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility, which are the major public health burdens of this sexually transmitted infection (1,2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimated annual incidence of C. trachomatis infection in the U.S. is ϳ3 million cases per year (1). Chlamydial infection in women can cause salpingitis, resulting in ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility, which are the major public health burdens of this sexually transmitted infection (1,2). In addition, in many areas of the developing world, C. trachomatis ocular infection is the cause of trachoma, which can result in blindness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Epithelial Cells Induces the Activation of Caspase-1 and Release of Mature IL-18

Shen

Brunham

2000

The Journal of Immunology

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Th1 cells that secrete IFN-γ are particularly important in protective immunity against intracellular pathogens, including chlamydiae, and IL-18 together with IL-12 are strong inducers of IFN-γ secretion by CD4 T cells. Because epithelial cells are known to synthesize IL-18, we investigated the effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of human epithelial cell lines on IL-18 secretion. We confirmed that several human epithelial cell lines constitutively express pro-IL-18 and that C. trachomatis infection causes cells to secrete mature IL-18. This was observed for several different serovars and biovars of C. trachomatis. Chlamydia-induced secretion of IL-18 from epithelial cells was regulated at the posttranscriptional level and was dependent on the activation of caspase-1. IL-1α or other secreted factor(s) from chlamydia-infected epithelial cells as well as chlamydial structural component(s) were not involved in inducing IL-18 secretion. Activation of caspase-1 and increased secretion of mature IL-18 was correlated with chlamydial, but not with host protein synthesis. In contrast to epithelial cell lines, fibroblast cell lines constitutively expressed much lower levels of pro-IL-18 and did not secrete mature IL-18 after chlamydial infection even though caspase-1 was activated. Taken together, the results suggest that a chlamydia-derived factor(s) is essential for the secretion of mature IL-18 through caspase-1 activation in infected epithelial cells.

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Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in the United States, 1996

Cited by 75 publications

References 13 publications

Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis

Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis

Correlation between culture testing of swabs and ligase chain reaction of first void urine from patients recently treated for Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Epithelial Cells Induces the Activation of Caspase-1 and Release of Mature IL-18

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