Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors: The Twaiq Mountain Eye Study I

Alkhaldi, Saleh A.; Allam, Khalid H.; Radwan, Mohammed A.; Sweeny, Laura E.; Alshammeri, Saleh

doi:10.1016/j.clae.2022.101770

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This study involved young people with a narrowed age range; 76.3% of the respondents were aged 20-25, 14.1% were 26-30 years old and only 5.4% and 4.2% were below and above these age groups, respectively. However, like other previous studies on DED and ocular surface diseases [2,22], there was a higher prevalence and more severe symptoms in women (OSDI: 21.9 ± 17.6; DEQ-5: 8.1 ± 4.1) than in men (OSDI: 16.5 ± 16.4; DEQ-5: 6.0 ± 4.7) (p = 0.001); but in this study, the vast majority of respondents were women 70.2%. Females are more vulnerable to DED due to the effects of sex hormones (e.g., androgens, estrogens), hypothalamicpituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics [23].…”

Section: Socio-demographical and Clinical Factorssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Responses to every question ranged from 0, which represents "none of the time", to 4, which represents "all of the time". The final score ranges from 0 to 100 (sum of the 12 questions multiplied by 25 and divided by 12, and then rounded to the next integer) with higher scores representing greater disability: normal (0-12), mild (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22), moderate (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32), severe . This study adopted the criteria followed by other authors, whereby symptomatic DED is defined as any OSDI score above 12 [13,15].…”

Section: Dry Eye Symptom Questionnaire Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland

Wróbel-Dudzińska

Osial

Stępień

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Aim: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms (DES) among university students in Poland. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study survey was conducted among 312 Polish university students. The questionnaire consisted of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) and questions regarding medical history and risk factors. Results: According to the OSDI, more than half of respondents (57.1%) have symptoms of ocular surface disease. Time spent using electronic devices is correlated with scores gathered in both OSDI and DEQ-5 (p < 0.001). There is a statistically significant dependence between psychotropics (p = 0.002), glucocorticosteroids usage (p = 0.026), the presence of depression (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.01) or allergy (p = 0.008) and dry eye symptoms proved in both questionnaires. Respondents with refractive errors and those living in metropolitan areas have a statistically higher symptom intensity(p < 0.022). Stress felt by students is associated with higher DES risk. No correlation between DES and smoking habits was observed. The history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with the severity of DES (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Pathogenesis of DES is multifactorial and its severity depends on several factors, both genetic and environmental. Its prevalence among the young population is underestimated. Determining risk factors will enable the implementation of appropriate prophylaxis and early diagnosis.

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Section: Socio-demographical and Clinical Factorssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Dry Eye Symptom Questionnaire Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland

Wróbel-Dudzińska

Osial

Stępień

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…In the present study, the prevalence of DED was high (74.9%). This high prevalence was in parallel with another recent study which showed a high prevalence of DED in Saudi Arabia (49.5%) [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease Among Children and Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Alrabghi,

Abudungor,

Alsulaiman

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by loss of homeostasis of the tear film or failure to produce sufficient amounts of tears to moisturize the eyes. The condition has been associated with several preventable risk factors.Objective: The objective of this study is to calculate the prevalence of dry eye and determine the associated risk factors among adults and children in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study targeting all Saudi populations, including all the regions of Saudi Arabia. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the five-item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) were used for data collection. Data were collected using an online form that was distributed through social media.Results: A total of 541 responses were analyzed. The OSDI scores showed that females represented 70.9%, and the age group of 20-40 years represented 59.7%. The prevalence of DED, including all severity levels, was 74.9%. The distribution across levels was as follows: mild cases at 26.2%, moderate cases at 18.2%, and severe at 30.4%. On the other hand, DEQ-5 has shown a prevalence of 37% among the pediatric age group. Several risk factors have been significantly associated with adults' dry eye, including low humidity (P-value=0.002), reading, driving, or watching electronic screens for extended durations (P-value=0.019), autoimmune diseases (P-value=0.033), and undergoing eye procedures (P-value-0.013). Conclusion:The current study reports a high prevalence rate of dry eyes among the Saudi population. Reading, driving, and using electronic screens for an extended period were found to be associated with the severity of DED. Prospective studies should focus on the epidemiology of the disease, which will provide evidence for better preventive and therapeutic measures.

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“…DED can be related with or include inflammation, immune dysregulation, lacrimal gland disorders, and MGD [14]. Low-humidity environments, high body mass index, prostaglandin eye drops, and refractive surgery are also risk factors for DED [15,16]. Immune dysregulation and inflammation involving the eyelid, lacrimal gland, and meibomian glands, as well as excessive ocular surface exposure in TED could be risk factors for DED [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Surface Changes in Treatment-Naive Thyroid Eye Disease

Liao

Lai

Aljufairi

et al. 2023

JCM

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Objective: To investigate the association of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and ocular surface exposure with tear film instability in untreated thyroid eye disease (TED) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of TED patients from September 2020 to September 2022 was conducted. Ocular surface parameters included ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT), partial blinking rate, lipid layer thickness (LLT), meibomian gland dropout (meiboscore), Schirmer’s test, and corneal punctate epithelial erosions (PEE). Ocular surface exposure was assessed by the margin reflex distances of the upper and lower eyelid (MRD1 and MRD2), the amount of exophthalmos, lateral flare, and lagophthalmos. Results: In total, 152 eyes from 76 TED patients (64 females and 12 males, age 42.99 ± 12.28 years) and 93 eyes from 61 healthy controls (51 females and 10 males, age 43.52 ± 17.93 years) were examined. Compared with control eyes, TED eyes had higher OSDI, TMH, LLT, and PEE; shorter NITBUT; and worse meiboscore (all p < 0.05). They also had larger amounts of exophthalmos, longer MRD1, more lateral flare, and lagophthalmos. Multivariate analysis identified an association of the tear film instability with lagophthalmos (β = −1.13, 95%CI: −2.08, −0.18) and severe MGD in the lower eyelid (β = −5.01, 95%CI = −7.59, −2.43). Conclusions: Dry eye in TED is mainly manifested as evaporative dry eye disease. Severe lower eyelid MGD and worse lagophthalmos were significantly associated with tear film instability in treatment-naive TED patients.

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Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors: The Twaiq Mountain Eye Study I

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland

Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease Among Children and Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ocular Surface Changes in Treatment-Naive Thyroid Eye Disease

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