Estimates of genetic variation in the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Gjerde, Bjarne; Ødegård, Jørgen; Thorland, Ingunn

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.026

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Development of biological methods for prevention and mitigation needs better understanding of host pathogen interactions and mechanisms of salmon resistance to the parasite, which may depend on multiple factors including the genetic background, nutrition, properties of skin, ability to heal wounds and the immune system responses (Wagner et al, 2008;Gharbi et al, 2009;Gjerde et al, 2011;Igboeli et al, 2013;Purcell et al, 2013). Teleost skin is a dynamic organ expressing great variability in physical properties, cell types and hormonal systems involved (reviewed by Rakers et al, 2010;Esteban, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Krasnov

Breiland

Hatlen

et al. 2015

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Krasnov

Breiland

Hatlen

et al. 2015

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…Although Atlantic salmon are highly susceptible to infection with L. salmonis [12,13], intraspecific heterogeneity in susceptibility occurs among distinct spawning stocks [18] and among full-sib families [19][20][21]. The heritability of lice counts in the latter studies ranged from 0.07 to 0.33, indicating a genetic basis for the differences observed among families.…”

Section: Host Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taken together, these observations indicate susceptibility to L. salmonis varies among species of anadromous salmonids and the rapid rejection of parasites indicates a relatively robust innate resistance in coho and pink salmon. Using these criteria, rainbow trout and Chinook salmon have intermediate resistance whereas the natural resistance of Atlantic and chum salmon and sea trout is limited.Although Atlantic salmon are highly susceptible to infection with L. salmonis [12,13], intraspecific heterogeneity in susceptibility occurs among distinct spawning stocks [18] and among full-sib families [19][20][21]. The heritability of lice counts in the latter studies ranged from 0.07 to 0.33, indicating a genetic basis for the differences observed among families.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence against the Dark Arts: Mechanisms of Resistance among Salmon to the Parasitic Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Jones¹

2013

J Aquac Res Development

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IntroductionCopepods belonging to the family Caligidae, referred to as sea lice, are ectoparasites of marine fishes. All sea lice share similar life cycles including nauplius stages and an infective copepodid stage that disperse in the plankton while subsisting on endogenous lipids. Once settled onto a suitable host, the copepodid moults through four chalimus stages that are tethered to the host with a frontal filament. Depending on species, the parasite further develops through one or two preadult stages to the adult stage which are untethered and mobile on the host. Much of the damage caused by parasitic copepods is related to attachment to the host ( Figure 1) and feeding behaviour: the parasites graze on host tissues that range from mucus, cells of the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissues. The more invasive feeding behaviours are associated with the larger developmental stages.Species of sea lice parasitic on salmonid fishes are well described pests in marine aquaculture and in the northern hemisphere include Lepeophtheirus salmonis (the salmon louse) and several species of Caligus [1][2][3][4]. Infections with L. salmonis incur annual costs to marine open netpen aquaculture in excess of 700M Euros in Norway, Scotland, Ireland and Canada [5]. In addition, infections with Caligus rogercresseyii are a significant economic burden to salmon aquaculture in Chile [6]. Management of sea lice infections in aquaculture depends on integrated husbandry schemes including chemotherapeutant intervention [7]. However, recent trends indicate a declining efficacy for many compounds used for treatment, suggesting that in several jurisdictions L. salmonis or C. rogercresseyii have developed tolerance or resistance to these compounds. The absence of commercially efficacious vaccines against sea lice reflects a lack of detailed knowledge of immunogenic parasite antigens that elicit protective immunity in salmonids. In addition, defence responses against parasitic copepods in fishes are poorly documented. A more thorough understanding of teleost defense mechanisms against sea lice will provide a rational basis for the development of novel management strategies. The purpose of this paper is to review the current understanding of salmonid defence responses to L. salmonis. AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge of salmonid defence responses to Lepeophtheirus salmonis. The salmon louse L. salmonis is an important pest of economically valuable salmonids in seawater throughout the northern hemisphere. Treatment of salmon lice on cultured salmon often fails in regions where the parasite has developed resistance to commonly used therapeutants. The development of efficacious vaccines is hampered by limited knowledge of parasite antigens that elicit protective immunity and a poor understanding of defence responses mounted by the salmonid host. Infection kinetics indicate a wide range of susceptibilities to L. salmonis among salmon species: juvenile coho and pink salmon are relatively resistant whereas Atl...

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“…Selective breeding (Jones et al 2002) and genetic manipulation (e.g. Gjerde et al 2011) for traits which enable salmon to be less susceptible to sea lice are alternate ways of minimising the risk posed by lice to farmed salmon. Methods such as fallowing (Bron et al 1993) and single year class production (Butler 2002) have been demonstrated to diminish sea lice risk.…”

Section: Shared Principles To Study Sea Lice Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing models for investigating the environmental transmission of disease-causing agents within open-cage salmon aquaculture

Salama¹,

Rabe²

2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Global aquaculture production continues to increase across a variety of sectors, including Atlantic salmon production in Scotland. One limitation to the expansion of open-cage aquaculture is disease-induced stock losses as well as the potential for disease agents from farms interacting with other farms and possibly with wild salmonids. Epidemiological studies of diseaseagent transmission often omit environmental transmission of organisms, although this process is an integral part of parasite spread and incidence. Within the aquatic environment, water movements enable pathogens and parasites to potentially be transmitted over long distances. As pathogens and parasites are transported, their status can change; they can degrade or, in the case of sea lice, develop into an infectious stage. A combination of biological and physical models is required to understand the transmission of disease-causing organisms. Here we propose a set of components that have been implemented in a range of modelling studies of sea lice dispersal, and describe how such attributes have been used in developing a study in one of Scotland's largest fjordic systems. By developing descriptive simulation model frameworks, which are validated using physical and biological observations, alternative methods of integrated pest management can be investigated and developed. The identification of dispersal routes of sea lice and establishment of potential farm−farm connections can inform sea lice management.

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Estimates of genetic variation in the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Cited by 74 publications

References 28 publications

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Defence against the Dark Arts: Mechanisms of Resistance among Salmon to the Parasitic Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Developing models for investigating the environmental transmission of disease-causing agents within open-cage salmon aquaculture

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