Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review

Haywood, Jim M.; Boucher, Oliviér

doi:10.1029/1999rg000078

Cited by 1,899 publications

(1,383 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…Stoddart et al, 1999) and climate (e.g. Haywood and Boucher, 2000). An improved understanding of anthropogenic and natural emission sources, secondary aerosol formation, modification of the aerosol chemical composition and size distribution is esCorrespondence to: B.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

et al. 2008

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Abstract. This paper summarizes an evaluation of model simulations with a regional scale atmospheric climatechemistry/aerosol model called REMOTE, which has been extended by a microphysical aerosol module. Model results over Europe are presented and compared with available measurements in surface air focusing on the European distribution and variability of primary and secondary aerosols. Additionally, model results obtained with detailed aerosol microphysics are compared to those based on an aerosol bulk mass approach revealing the impact of dry deposition fluxes on atmospheric burden concentration. An improved determination of elevated ozone and sulfate concentrations could be achieved by considering a diurnal cycle in the anthropogenic emission fluxes. Deviation between modelled and measured organic carbon concentrations can be mainly explained by missing formation of secondary organic aerosols and deficiencies in emission data. Changing residential heating practices in Europe, where the use of wood is no longer restricted to rural areas, need to be considered in emission inventories as well as vegetation fire emissions which present a dominant source of organic carbon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

et al. 2008

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“…A regional-scale impact has also been shown in the improved description of the low-level East-African jet and the African monsoon thanks to a better understanding of desert dust climatology . Aerosols have also been under the spotlight of climate research for a number of years due to their impact on the radiative balance and their interaction with other radiatively/dynamically active components of the Earth's system such as clouds (Haywood and Boucher, 2000). Much uncertainty still remains on their net radiative effect and research is ongoing to quantify aerosol properties and their impact on weather and climate using advanced models and new observations from in situ and space-borne instruments (Kaufman et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background error statistics for aerosols

Benedetti

Fisher

2007

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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As part of the European initiative for Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), the Global and regional Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in situ data (GEMS) project has been funded to provide forecasts and analysis of atmospheric constituents such as aerosols, and greenhouse and reactive gases. In this context, the development of an aerosol analysis system based on a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation was started in March 2005 at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). As part of the main building blocks of the system, an error background covariance matrix for aerosol mixing ratio was built based on background statistics constructed from aerosol forecasts. These statistics were generated from the differences between the 48-hour and 24-hour forecasts of aerosol mixing ratios for sea salt, desert dust and continental particulate, using the NMC method. This method has been widely used by many numerical weather prediction centres to build background error statistics for state variables. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that it has been applied to a novel variable such as an aerosol mixing ratio, in the context of a global model. Aerosol assimilation systems have been successfully run with either observationally-derived or model-prescribed error covariance matrices with pre-assigned correlation lengths. In this study, the aerosol vertical and horizontal structures of these error correlations as derived with the aid of a state-of-the-art model are investigated and discussed in depth. Successively these error correlations are modelled through a spectral/wavelet approach and used to construct a background error covariance matrix. Application of this background matrix in the context of a single observation 4D-Var experiment produced successful preliminary analyses of the total aerosol mixing ratio.

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“…Coakley et al, 1983;Andreae, 1995;Penner et al, 2001;Haywood and Boucher, 2000). Depending on their intrinsic properties, especially the single scattering albedo, aerosols can cause either cooling or warming of the atmosphere, in contrast to the greenhouse gases which only cause warming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatological aspects of aerosol optical properties in Northern Greece

et al. 2003

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Abstract.Measurements of aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth, scattering and backscattering coefficients) have been conducted at two groundbased sites in Northern Greece, Ouranoupolis (40 • 23 N, 23 • 57 E, 170 m a.s.l.) and Thessaloniki (40 • 38 N, 22 • 57 E, 80 m a.s.l.), between 1999 and 2002. The frequency distributions of the observed parameters have revealed the presence of individual modes of high and low values, indicating the influence from different sources. At both sites, the mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm was 0.23. Values increase considerably during summer when they remain persistently between 0.3 and 0.5, going up to 0.7-0.8 during specific cases. The mean value of 65±40 Mm −1 of the particle scattering coefficient at 550 nm reflects the impact of continental pollution in the regional boundary layer. Trajectory analysis has shown that higher values of aerosol optical depth and the scattering coefficient are found in the east sector (former Soviet Union countries, eastern Balkan countries), whereas cleaner conditions are found for the NW direction. The influence of Sahara dust events is clearly reflected in the Angström exponents. About 45-60% of the observed diurnal variation of the optical properties was attributed to the growth of aerosols with humidity, while the rest of the variability is in phase with the evolution of the sea-breeze cell. The contribution of local pollution is estimated to contribute 35±10% to the average aerosol optical depth at the Thessaloniki site during summer. Finally, the aerosol scale height (aerosol optical depth divided by scattering coefficient) was found to be related to the height of the boundary layer with values between 0.5-1 km during winter and up to 2.5-3 km during summer.

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Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review

Cited by 1,899 publications

References 191 publications

Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

Background error statistics for aerosols

Climatological aspects of aerosol optical properties in Northern Greece

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