Estimates of the economic contributions of the bidi manufacturing industry in India

Nandi, Arindam; Ashok, Ashvin; Guindon, G. Emmanuel; Chaloupka, Frank J.; Jha, Prabhat

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051404

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…31 Unfortunately, bidi sales data are unavailable, as most bidis are sold by small cottage industries with little monitoring or regulation and attract low or no taxes. 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectivesSmoking of cigarettes or bidis (small, locally manufactured smoked tobacco) in India has likely changed over the last decade. We sought to document trends in smoking prevalence among Indians aged 15–69 years between 1998 and 2015.DesignComparison of 3 nationally representative surveys representing 99% of India's population; the Special Fertility and Mortality Survey (1998), the Sample Registration System Baseline Survey (2004) and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2010).SettingIndia.ParticipantsAbout 14 million residents from 2.5 million homes, representative of India.Main outcome measuresAge-standardised smoking prevalence and projected absolute numbers of smokers in 2015. Trends were stratified by type of tobacco smoked, age, gender and education level.FindingsThe age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in men at ages 15–69 years fell from about 27% in 1998 to 24% in 2010, but rose at ages 15–29 years. During this period, cigarette smoking in men became about twofold more prevalent at ages 15–69 years and fourfold more prevalent at ages 15–29 years. By contrast, bidi smoking among men at ages 15–69 years fell modestly. The age-standardised prevalence of any smoking in women at these ages was 2.7% in 2010. The smoking prevalence in women born after 1960 was about half of the prevalence in women born before 1950. By contrast, the intergenerational changes in smoking prevalence in men were much smaller. The absolute numbers of men smoking any type of tobacco at ages 15–69 years rose by about 29 million or 36% in relative terms from 79 million in 1998 to 108 million in 2015. This represents an average increase of about 1.7 million male smokers every year. By 2015, there were roughly equal numbers of men smoking cigarettes or bidis. About 11 million women aged 15–69 smoked in 2015. Among illiterate men, the prevalence of smoking rose (most sharply for cigarettes) but fell modestly among men with grade 10 or more education. The ex-smoking prevalence in men at ages 45–59 years rose modestly but was low: only 5% nationally with about 4 current smokers for every former smoker.ConclusionsDespite modest decreases in smoking prevalence, the absolute numbers of male smokers aged 15–69 years has increased substantially over the last 15 years. Cigarettes are displacing bidi smoking, most notably among young adult men and illiterate men. Tobacco control policies need to adapt to these changes, most notably with higher taxation on tobacco products, so as to raise the currently low levels of adult smoking cessation.

show abstract

“…31 Unfortunately, bidi sales data are unavailable, as most bidis are sold by small cottage industries with little monitoring or regulation and attract low or no taxes. 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…36 Unlike the few registered cigarette manufacturers, most of which are part of multinational companies, the thousands of small bidi and smokeless tobacco businesses in South Asia are often controlled by non-transparent organisations that are not registered, regulated, or taxed. 37 Practical steps to regulate the bidi and smokeless tobacco industry involve registration and eliminating the tax differential between machine and handmade bidis. 27 Until the bidi and smokeless tobacco sectors are better regulated, it will be difficult to impose large excise taxes such as for cigarettes.…”

Section: Reduction In Mortality From a Tripling Of Excise Taxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raising taxes key to accelerate tobacco control in South Asia

Jha

Khan

Mishra

et al. 2017

BMJ

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The bidi sector contributed around 0.9% of total employment in India in 2005-2006 (11). In the same year, 4.16 million workers were employed in the bidi industry and amongst them, 3.42 million workers were engaged in full-time work while 0.74 million workers were employed part-time (11). Women and children constitute 90% of its workforce and are mainly employed because of their proficiency in rolling bidis (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%