Estimating Arsenic Mobility and Phytotoxicity Using Two Different Phosphorous Fertilizer Release Rates in Soil

Abstract

Deficiencies in phosphorus (P), an essential factor for plant growth and aided phytostabilization, are commonly observed in soil, especially near mining areas. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of P-based fertilizer types on arsenic (As) extractability and phytotoxicity in As-contaminated soil after stabilizer treatment. Different treatments with respect to the P-releasing characteristics were applied to soil to determine As mobility and phytotoxicity in P-based fertilizers, with bone meal as a slow-releasing P fertilizer and fused superphosphate as a fast-releasing P fertilizer. In addition, P fertilizers were used to enhance plant growth, and two types of iron (Fe)-based stabilizers (steel slang and acid mine drainage sludge) were also used to reduce As mobility in As-contaminated soil under lab-scale conditions. A water-soluble extraction was conducted to determine As and P extractability. A phytotoxicity test using bok choy (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) was performed to assess the elongation and accumulation of As and P. Within a single treatment, the As stabilization was higher in steel slag (84%) than in acid mine drainage sludge (27%), and the P supply effect was higher in fused superphosphate (24740%) than in bone meal (160%) compared to the control. However, a large dose of fused superphosphate (2%) increased not only the water-soluble P, but also the water-soluble As, and consequently, increased As uptake by bok choy roots, leading to phytotoxicity. In combined treatments, the tendency towards change was similar to that of the single treatment, but the degree of change was decreased compared to the single treatment, thereby decreasing the risk of phytotoxicity. In particular, the toxicity observed in the fused superphosphate treatments did not appear in the bone meal treatment, but rather the growth enhancement effect appeared. These results indicate that the simultaneous application of bone meal and stabilizers might be proposed and could effectively increase plant growth via the stabilization of As and supplementation with P over the long term.

Assessment of Fraction and Mobility of Arsenic in Soil Near the Mine Waste Dam

“…In addition, the effluent containing As was either flowing into W1 along the surface water or entering the F area through the holes (for drainage) of the dam (Figure 2). Several studies have reported that such huge amounts mine waste and rainfall have additionally contaminated the surrounding environments [5,41] and, in particular, the presence of large cracks increases the leachability and mobility of trace elements and the process of weathering [42].…”

“…On the basis of the chemical assessment results, a plant cultivation experiment was also conducted to evaluate the relationship among the above results (Figure 4). Considering practical applicability in the field, bok choy, which has been used for the trace elements phytotoxicity test with a balance between sensitivity and extreme insensitivity was selected after germination and grown only for 10 days (early growth stage of seedlings) in order to identify the toxic effect of As rather than soil properties [5,21,23]. Root and shoot elongation of a 10-days old seedling of bok choy cultivated in peat moss for control were 23.7 and 48.0 cm dish −1 , respectively.…”

“…Continuous intake of As leads to its accumulation in the human body, thereby affecting the body system (integumentary, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, and reproductive) through multiple pathways [4]. It is well known that the mobility and bioavailability of As in the environment is affected by various factors such as pH, redox condition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), clay content, and iron/manganese/aluminum-metal oxides, among others [3,5]. In order to reduce the risk to the environment and human health, an acid mine drainage treatment facility and prevention dam have been constructed [6,7].…”