Estimating chemical emissions from home and personal care products in China

Hodges, Juliet E.N.; Holmes, Christopher M.; Vamshi, Raghu; Mao, Dazhi; Price, Oliver R.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.009

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Hodges et al 50 also reported a similar emission pattern for personal care products in China with higher emissions in the east and south parts of China due to their higher usage in these regions. The trend was also found for the emission of black carbon.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Emission Estimation and Multimedia Fate Modeling of Seven Steroids at the River Basin Scale in China

Zhang

Zhao

Ying

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

106

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Steroids are excreted from humans and animals and discharged with wastewaters into the environment, resulting in potential adverse effects on organisms. Based on the excretion rates from different groups of humans and animals, the emissions of seven steroids (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (T), androsterone (A), progesterone (P), and cortisol (C)) were comprehensively estimated in 58 river basins of whole China, and their multimedia fate was simulated by using a level III fugacity multimedia model. The results showed that higher emission densities for the steroids were found in the river basins of east China than in west China. This distribution was found to be generally similar to the distribution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) across China. E3, A, and P displayed higher emission densities than the other steroids in most of the river basins. The total excretion of steroids by humans and animals in China was estimated to be 3069 t/yr. The excretion of steroids from animals was two times larger than that from humans. After various treatments, the total emission of steroids was reduced to 2486 t/yr, of which more than 80% was discharged into the water compartment. The predicted concentrations in water were within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations available in the literature. Owing to wastewater irrigation, more steroid mass loadings in agricultural soil were found in the basins of Haihe River and Huaihe River in comparison with the other river basins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the emissions and multimedia fate of seven steroids in the river basins of China.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Emission Estimation and Multimedia Fate Modeling of Seven Steroids at the River Basin Scale in China

Zhang

Zhao

Ying

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

106

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“…Moreover, on the sites near Xiangshui Town (S7 to S12), significant increases in fluxes of most detected chemicals were observed, implying a more intense and diverse HPCP consumption along this river reach. Furthermore, the relatively high fluxes of TCS and DEET at each site support the views that household products containing TCS or DEET can be afforded with low GDP thresholds and are used prevalently (Hodges et al, 2012). As a commonly used fungicide, CARB is very stable under natural environmental conditions (Panades et al, 2000;Saien and Khezrianjoo, 2008); and its high fluxes in the Sha River indicate its wide use by populations in the rural region.…”

Section: Fluxes Of Hpcpsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Among the three groups of HPCPs, biocides exhibited frequent detection across the Sha River catchment. According to the take-off model created by Unilever (Hodges et al, 2012), the majority of the population can afford HPC products with lower GDP (gross domestic product) thresholds, such as soap, toothpaste, shampoo, which commonly contain biocides such as MeP, TCC and TCS. DEET is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents (Antwi et al, 2008), which are also used frequently in the subtropical region for control of mosquitoes.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Hpcps In the Rural Riverine Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological risks of home and personal care products in the riverine environment of a rural region in South China without domestic wastewater treatment facilities

Zhang

Liu

Brink

et al. 2015

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…Considering the signicant differences in the distribution of wealth and purchasing power of the population, Hodges et al 33 developed a methodology linking product sales data with population density to estimate chemical emissions from home and personal care products in China. It can be seen from that study that the product usages are typically higher in East and South China.…”

Section: 32mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parameters used for solving the set of equations and sources of the data are listed in Table S1, † which consists of the basic parameters that describe physical-chemical properties of the chemicals (TCS and TCC), dimension and property of the compartments and subcompartments, and thermodynamics and kinetics of both diffusive and non-diffusive processes that are required for modeling the fate of these target chemicals. The usage data for TCS and TCC (usage per person per day: TCS 0.92 mg and TCC 1.36 mg) used for the calculation of T 02h (chemical discharge amount) were derived from a market survey database, 33 with the detailed calculation method for T 02h…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimedia modeling of the fate of triclosan and triclocarban in the Dongjiang River Basin, South China and comparison with field data

Zhang

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two active ingredients widely used in many home and personal care products. Multimedia fate of TCS and TCC in the Dongjiang River basin, South China were addressed by the developed level III fugacity model based on their usage. Under the assumption of steady state, the concentrations in air, water, soil, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fish as well as transfer flux across the interface between the compartments were simulated. The measured concentrations for the two compounds in water, SPM, and sediment from field monitoring campaigns were then compared to validate the model. The results showed that the model predicted reasonably accurate concentrations and the differences between the measured and modeled concentrations were all less than 0.7 log units. TCS and TCC had a tendency to distribute into the sediment phase, which accounted for more than 66.3% and 90.3% of the total masses, respectively. Wastewater discharge was the main source for the occurrence of the two compounds in the aquatic environment, while degradation was the primary process for the loss in the study area, followed by the advection export.Sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters for the fate of the target chemicals were source term, degradation rates and adsorption coefficients. Monte Carlo simulation could well describe the modeling uncertainty and variability. Environmental impactPersonal care products are widely used in everyday life. Aer use, they are discharged into the receiving environments directly or indirectly. Their detection in the environment has become an increasing concern due to their potential impacts on the ecosystem. This paper developed a modied level III fugacity model to assess the multimedia fate of two personal care products (triclosan and triclocarban) in a river basin based on their usage data and evaluated the model by eld monitoring data in the Dongjiang River Basin. The modied steady state fugacity model can be used to evaluate contamination of personal care products at the basin scale based on their usage. This tool could be adopted by various decision-makers in the management of chemicals in river basins.

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Estimating chemical emissions from home and personal care products in China

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Emission Estimation and Multimedia Fate Modeling of Seven Steroids at the River Basin Scale in China

Emission Estimation and Multimedia Fate Modeling of Seven Steroids at the River Basin Scale in China

Ecological risks of home and personal care products in the riverine environment of a rural region in South China without domestic wastewater treatment facilities

Multimedia modeling of the fate of triclosan and triclocarban in the Dongjiang River Basin, South China and comparison with field data

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