Natural regeneration is a practical and inexpensive option for many existing southern pine forests, provided there is an adequate seed source and other stand conditions are controlled. However, seed production in natural stands of southern pines varies due to a wide range of environmental and biotic influences. It is important, then, to understand the biological processes that affect seed production in natural stands. The physiology of cone and seed production is reviewed here, and this information is applied to natural stand situations. With this knowledge, foresters will be better able to manipulate stands to improve and predict seed production and, therefore, make natural regeneration more reliable.