“…These applications rely on retrieving image-based features that can be indirectly associated with yield. A large body of literature reports the accuracy of vegetation indices (VIs) in predicting yield and other important agronomic and stress-tolerant traits at breeding plot level for multiple crops such as wheat (Kyratzis et al, 2017;Hassan et al, 2018;Hassan et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019;Fu et al, 2020;Shafiee et al, 2021;Zeng et al, 2021), soybean (Zhang et al, 2019;Maimaitijiang et al, 2020a;Maimaitijiang et al, 2020b;Roth et al, 2022;Santana et al, 2022), maize (Buchaillot et al, 2019;Adak et al, 2021;Sankaran et al, 2021), and pulse crops (Sankaran et al, 2018;Marzougui et al, 2019;Vargas et al, 2019;Valencia-Ortiz et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021;Tefera et al, 2022). While yield prediction using UAS-based sensing approaches has shown promising results, scaling up the application to cover large areas and/or multienvironment trials is still a major challenge (Zhang et al, 2020;Jin et al, 2021;Smith et al, 2021).…”