Driving has become a very common activity for most of the people around the world today. People are becoming more and more dependent on vehicles, contributing to the growth of automotive industry. New vehicles are released regularly into the market in order to meet the high demand. With the increase in demand, the importance of vehicle testing has also increased by many folds.Besides testing new vehicles for their performance prediction, existing vehicles also need to be tested in order to check their compliance to safety standards.Drive Cycles that have been traditionally defined as velocity over time profiles are used as vehicle testing beds. The need for re-defining drive cycles is demonstrated through the high deviations between the predicted and the actual performance values. As such, a new approach for defining automotive drive cycles, Journey Mapping, is proposed. Journey Mapping defines a drive cycle more realistically as the journey of a particular vehicle from an origin to the destination, which during its journey is influenced by various conditions such as weather, terrain, traffic, driver behavior, road , vehicle and aerodynamic.This concept of Journey Mapping has been implemented using AMESim for a Ford Focus Electric 2012. Journey Mapping was seen to predict its energy consumption with about 5% error; whereas, the error was about 13% when it was tested against the US06 cycle, which provided the most accurate results out of the various traditional drive cycles used for testing for the selected scope.
Notation and Abbreviations
CANController Area Network
DEMDigital Elevation Model ECE Economic Commission for Europe EPA Environmental Protection Agency EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle EUDCL Extra Urban Driving Cycle for Low-powered Vehicles EV Electric vehicle
FUDS
Federal Urban Drive Cycle
FTP
Federal Test Procedure
GIS
Geographic Information System
GPS
Global Positioning System
HEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
HFEDS
Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule
HWFET
Highway Fuel Economy Test
HYZEM
Hybrid Technology Approaching Efficient Zero Emission Mobility
ICE
Internal Combustion Engine vii
IM
Inspection and Maintenance
Lb-ftPound-foot
LFP
Lithium Iron Phosphate
MARC
McMaster Automotive Resource Center
MPG
Miles per Gallon
MPGe
Miles per Gallon Equivalent
NEDC
New European Driving Cycle
NYCC
New York City Cycle
PHEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
PID
Proportional Integral Derivative
RAV
Recreational Activity Vehicle
RPM
Revolutions per Minute
UDDS