“…Singh & Sarkar, 2015;Wamalwa & Burns, 2018) while others have found negligible or insignificant effects (e.g. Chudgar & Quin, 2012;Crawfurd, Patel, & Sandefur, 2019;Eigbiremolen, Ogbuabor, & Nwambe, 2020;Muralidharan & Sundararaman, 2015;Zuilkowski, Piper, & Ong'ele, 2020). It remains unclear whether these discrepancies reflect genuine variation across contexts in the nature or effectiveness of private schools, or differences in sampling, measurement and research design.…”