“…To achieve the optimal operational decisions with total provision for risk, two issues are critical, namely data collection and risk estimation. Considering the huge amount of data available with the rapid advances of information technology, it has become important and feasible to examine risk by using data analytics (Koyuncugil & Ozgulbas, 2012;Chen, Yang, Wang, & Tang, 2015;Choi, Chan, & Yue, 2017;Kou, Chao, Peng, Alsaadi, & Herrera-Viedma, 2019;Sun, Zheng, Jin, Jiang, & Wang, 2019;Wang & Wu, 2020). Credit default events are rare and thus the probability of large losses of credit portfolio is small.…”