Estimating Public Charging Demand of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Electric vehicles require sufficient public charging infrastructure. This in turn necessitates detailed information on charging demand. In this paper we present a four-step approach to estimating public charging demand of electric vehicles. Previous methods are limited in their ability to provide differentiated results and adapt to future developments. Therefore, we account for user groups (private, carsharing, commercial), technical developments (vehicles, infrastructure), infrastructure availability, and carsharing development (operational area, business models, autonomous vehicles). Our approach also considers the interactions between these factors and allows for scenario analysis yielding the quantity and spatial distribution of public charging demand. We demonstrate our approach for Berlin, Germany. We find that the majority of public charging demand results from carsharing. This demand is concentrated in the city center, even when carsharing is available citywide. Public charging demand for commercial users is relatively low and located outside the city center. For private users, public charging demand shifts to the city center with an increasing market penetration of electric vehicles and technological advancements (increased range, charging speed). Public demand from private users increases dramatically when private infrastructure is absent. Finally, public charging demand shifts to the city center when private users do not have private infrastructure.

Booking Public Charging: User Preferences and Behavior towards Public Charging Infrastructure with a Reservation Option

“…Schulz and Rode conducted a general survey of the national uptake of electric vehicles and the buildup of infrastructure in Norway, which is seen as a leader in the uptake of EVs [8]. At a more local scale, Hardinghaus et al presented the approach of implementing public charging infrastructure in Berlin, Germany [9,10]. Subsequently, the authors analyzed real-world charging derived from this infrastructure to provide recommendations for future locations of charging stations [11].…”

“…The authors also examined the role of carsharing vehicles on demand for public infrastructure. In another paper, the authors estimated charging demand, accounting for different user groups, technical developments, infrastructure availability, and carsharing development [10].…”

Booking Public Charging: User Preferences and Behavior towards Public Charging Infrastructure with A Reservation Option

“…For many of them, it is through carsharing to get first experiences with electric vehicles. This may therefore help to dismantle barriers [10]. The concept of "neighborhood charging" itself was rated very positively by the potential users.…”

“…Schulz and Rode conduct a general survey of the national uptake of electric vehicles and the build-up of infrastructure in Norway, which is seen as a leader in the uptake of EVs [8]. At a more local scale, Hardinghaus et al presented the approach of implementing public charging infrastructure in Berlin, Germany [9,10]. Subsequently, the authors analyzed real-world charging derived from this infrastructure to provide recommendations for future locations of charging stations [11].…”

“…The authors also examined the role of carsharing vehicles on demand for public infrastructure. In another paper, the authors estimate charging demand accounting for different user groups, technical developments, infrastructure availability, and carsharing development [10].…”