Estimating Risk Ratios and Risk Differences

Holmberg, Mathias J.; Andersen, Lars W.

doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12698

Cited by 50 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Baseline characteristics of patients were described using means with standard deviations or medians with interquartile ranges for continuous data and absolute numbers with percentages for categorical data. A modified Poisson regression model [34][35] was used to estimate risk differences (RDs) and risk ratios (RRs) to evaluate the difference in the clinical outcomes between younger-onset UC and older-onset UC. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for sex, disease duration, disease extent, disease severity, comorbidity, use of the concomitant drugs, and smoking status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower effectiveness of intravenous steroid treatment for moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis in hospitalised patients with older onset: a multicentre cohort study

Okabayashi

Yamazaki

Tominaga

et al. 2022

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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Summary Background The increasing incidence of older‐onset ulcerative colitis (UC), which has a higher risk of surgery, is a global health issue. However, data regarding intravenous steroid treatment, one of the important treatment options to avoid surgery, for older‐onset UC is lacking. Aims To evaluate the association between onset age and effectiveness of intravenous steroids in UC. Methods This retrospective multicentre (27 facilities) cohort study included moderate‐to‐severe hospitalised UC patients who underwent their first intravenous steroids between April 2014 and July 2019. The primary outcome was clinical remission at day 30, using two‐item patient‐reported outcome scoring. The key secondary outcomes were risks of surgery and adverse events (death, infection and venous thrombosis) within 90 days. A modified Poisson regression model was used for analysis. Results Overall, 467 UC patients (384 younger‐onset and 83 older‐onset) were enrolled. Clinical remission at day 30 was observed in 252 (65.6%) among younger‐onset patients and 43 (51.8%) among older‐onset patients (adjusted risk difference, −21.7% [95% CI, −36.1% to −7.2%]; adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 0.74 [95% CI, 0.59 to 0.93]). The risks of surgery and adverse events were higher in older‐onset UC (20.5% vs. 3.1%; ARR, 8.92 [95% CI, 4.13 to 19.27], 25.3% vs. 9.1%; ARR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.22 to 3.92], respectively). Four deaths occurred, all involving older‐onset UC. The risks of infection and venous thrombosis were also higher in older‐onset UC (18.1% vs. 8.6%, 7.2% vs. 0.5%, respectively). Conclusions Older‐onset was associated with a lower effectiveness of intravenous steroids with higher risks of surgery and adverse events in UC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower effectiveness of intravenous steroid treatment for moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis in hospitalised patients with older onset: a multicentre cohort study

Okabayashi

Yamazaki

Tominaga

et al. 2022

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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“…To assess the bivariate and multivariable associations between menstrual needs and dichotomous work consequences (absenteeism and desire to miss work) we used Poisson regressions with a robust variance estimator to provide prevalence ratios. 40 This method was selected as neither outcome was rare and thus odds ratios would represent a poor approximation of risk ratios. 41 To account for clustering at the level of the workplace we used generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation structure (assuming observations within the cluster are equally correlated) to provide a population-averaged effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual health challenges in the workplace and consequences for women’s work and wellbeing: a cross-sectional survey in Mukono, Uganda

Hennegan¹,

Bukenya²,

Makumbi³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objectives. This study describes women’s menstrual needs at work in Uganda and explores the contribution of menstrual experiences to their work and wellbeing. Methods. We undertook a cross-sectional survey of women working in marketplaces, public primary schools, and health care facilities in Mukono district, central Uganda. Following qualitative investigation, survey questions were designed to capture women’s experiences of managing menstrual bleeding, pain, social support, and the social environment.Results. A total 435 women working in markets, 45 teachers and 45 health care facility workers participated. Of these, 15% missed work due to their last period, and 41% would prefer not to work during menstruation. Experiencing menstrual pain (aPR 3.65 95%CI 1.48-9.00), along with the use of improvised menstrual materials (aPR 1.41 95%CI 1.08-1.83), not feeling comfortable to discuss menstruation at work (aPR 1.54 95%CI 1.01-2.34) and the expectation that women should stay home when menstruating (aPR 2.44 95%CI 1.30-4.60) predicted absenteeism due to menstruation. In contrast, not having menstrual management needs met (aPR 1.45 95%CI 1.17-1.79) and the attitude that menstruating women are dirty (aPR 1.94 95%CI 1.50-2.51), along with pain and norms around absenteeism were associated with wanting to miss work. After adjustment for age and poverty, unmet menstrual management needs (b=-5.97, 95%CI -8.89, -2.97), pain (b=-3.89, 95%CI -7,71,-0.08) and poor social support (b=-5.40, 95%CI -9.22, -1.57) predicted lower wellbeing while attitudes that menstruation should be kept secret (b=4.48, 95%CI 0.79, 8.17) and is dirty (b=4.59, 95%CI 0.79, 8.40) were associated with higher wellbeing.Conclusions. Unmet menstrual needs were associated with consequences for women’s work and psychological wellbeing. Findings suggest that supporting care for menstrual pain, addressing secrecy surrounding menstruation and the perception of menstruation as dirty, and improving access to materials and facilities for managing menstrual bleeding represent avenues for programs and policies to support working women.

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“…The fixed effects specified for the main outcome model will be included in the analysis of secondary and exploratory outcomes. We will report the between-group mean differences for continuous measures and consider appropriate measures of association [ 33 ] (relative and absolute) for binary outcomes, along with 95% confidence intervals. Secondary outcome analyses will not be adjusted for prognostic variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a Healthy Lifestyle Program (HeLP) for low back pain: statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial

Robson

Kamper

Hall

et al. 2021

Trials

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Background This paper describes the statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial of a Healthy Lifestyle Program (HeLP) for low back pain targeting multiple health risks and behaviours, weight, physical activity, diet and smoking, to improve disability. We describe the methods for the main analyses and economic analysis of the trial. Methods and design The trial is a two-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the effect of the HeLP intervention to usual care on low back pain disability at 26 weeks. A total of 346 adults with low back pain were recruited from the Newcastle and Hunter region between September 2017 and November 2019 and randomised to either HeLP or usual care. HeLP is a 6-month intervention with participant outcomes measured at weeks 6, 12, 26 and 52 post randomisation. This statistical analysis plan describes data integrity, handling and preparation of data for analyses and methods for analyses. The primary endpoint for the trial is disability at 26 weeks using the 24-item self-report Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. The primary analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle using linear mixed regression models. Discussion The statistical analysis plan for this trial was produced to reduce outcome reporting bias arising from knowledge of the study findings. Any deviations will be described and justified in the final report. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617001288314. Registered on 6 September 2017.

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Estimating Risk Ratios and Risk Differences

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Lower effectiveness of intravenous steroid treatment for moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis in hospitalised patients with older onset: a multicentre cohort study

Lower effectiveness of intravenous steroid treatment for moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis in hospitalised patients with older onset: a multicentre cohort study

Menstrual health challenges in the workplace and consequences for women’s work and wellbeing: a cross-sectional survey in Mukono, Uganda

Effectiveness of a Healthy Lifestyle Program (HeLP) for low back pain: statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial

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