Estimating smokers' mouth-level exposure to select mainstream smoke constituents from discarded cigarette filter butts

Polzin, Gregory; Wu, Weijia; Yan, Xizheng; McCraw, Joan M.; Abdul-Salaam, Shadeed; Tavakoli, Ameer D.; Zhang, Liqin; Ashley, David L.; Watson, Clifford H.

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp080

Cited by 34 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The study endpoints included a broad array of biomarkers measured in blood, plasma, 24-h urine, exhaled breath, smoked filters/MLE (Morin et al, 2011;Nelson et al, 2011;Polzin et al, 2009;Shepperd et al, 2011;St. Charles et al, 2009) and two subjective questionnaires to monitor smoking urges or withdrawal symptoms (Cox et al, 2001;Hughes and Hatsukami, 1986;Tiffany and Drobes, 1991).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: A one-week clinical confinement study

Theophilus¹,

Coggins²,

Chen³

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tTobacco toxicant-related exposure reduction is an important tool in harm reduction. Cigarette per day reduction (CPDR) occurs as smokers migrate from smoking cigarettes to using alternative tobacco/nicotine products, or quit smoking. Few reports characterize the dose-response relationships between CPDR and effects on exposure biomarkers, especially at the low end of CPD exposure (e.g., 5 CPD). We present data on CPDR by characterizing magnitudes of biomarker reductions. We present data from a wellcontrolled, one-week clinical confinement study in healthy smokers who were switched from smoking 19-25 CPD to smoking 20, 10, 5 or 0 CPD. Biomarkers were measured in blood, plasma, urine, and breath, and included smoke-related toxicants, urine mutagenicity, smoked cigarette filter analyses (mouth level exposure), and vital signs. Many of the biomarkers (e.g., plasma nicotine) showed strong CPDR doseresponse reductions, while others (e.g., plasma thiocyanate) showed weaker dose-response reductions. Factors that lead to lower biomarker reductions include non-CPD related contributors to the measured response (e.g., other exposure sources from environment, life style, occupation; inter-individual variability). This study confirms CPDR dose-responsive biomarkers and suggests that a one-week design is appropriate for characterizing exposure reductions when smokers switch from cigarettes to new tobacco products.

show abstract

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: A one-week clinical confinement study

Theophilus¹,

Coggins²,

Chen³

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Solanesol, a nonvolatile, stable, and tobacco-specific compound, can serve as a proxy for other chemicals in smoke. Published results indicate excellent linear correlation between cigarette filter solanesol levels and mainstream smoke nicotine or TSNAs levels (9). However, our experiments indicated that the solanesol to BaP relation was not a perfect linear fit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In filter analysis, we found that direct measurement of BaP in cigarette filters provides a better linear relation with mainstream smoke levels than solanesol, although solanesol does serve as an excellent predictor for measuring chemicals in cigarette smoke including (9). Unlike solanesol and the majority of nicotine and TSNAs trapped in cigarette filters which are transferred from tobacco to smoke, BaP in smoke is a product of various combustion processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis

Ding

Chou

Abdul-Salaam

et al. 2012

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most potent carcinogens generated in cigarette smoke. During smoking, cigarette filters trap a significant portion of mainstream smoke benzo [a]pyrene. This trapped portion is proportional to what exits the end of the filter and is drawn into the mouth of smokers.Methods: We developed a new method to estimate mouth-level BaP intake using filter analysis. In this analysis, cigarettes are smoked by a smoking machine using a variety of conditions to yield a range of mainstream smoke deliveries, which approximate a range of human puffing characteristics. Mainstream smoke BaP collected on Cambridge filter pads and the corresponding 1-cm mouth-end cigarette filter butts is extracted, purified by solid-phase extraction, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. On the basis of the amount of BaP retained in cigarette butts and the amount collected on pads, we can relate them using a linear regression model.Results: Using this model and subsequently analyzing cigarette filters collected from smokers, we are able to estimate their mouth-level intakes, which smokers received when they consumed cigarettes. We made a series of measurements using research cigarettes and select commercial cigarettes having a wide range of machine smoke "tar" and nicotine deliveries.Conclusions: In all cases, results indicate a linear relation of BaP between cigarette filter butts and Cambridge filter pads, with R 2 ranging from 0.93 to 0.98.

show abstract

“…As the objective of the study was to investigate smokers in their own environment, nicotine equivalents and NNAL were chosen as the biomarkers of exposure as they are tobacco-specific and therefore not influenced by environmental and dietary sources (Hatsukami et al, 2006;Hecht, 2002). In addition, the use of the part-filter methodology has gained popularity recently and represents a non-invasive technique to provide estimates of MLE to nicotine and tar, in the subject's own environment (Clayton et al, 2010;Ding et al, 2012;Pauly et al, 2009;Polzin et al, 2009). Mendes et al (2008) aimed to address these concerns by inclusion of both a randomized, controlled, short-term phase and an unrestricted long-term follow-up phase in assessing the effects of forced switching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of smokers’ exposure to cigarette smoke and the effects of spontaneous product switching

Cunningham

Sommarström

Camacho

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A challenge in investigating the effect of public health policies on cigarette consumption and exposure arises from variation in a smoker's exposure from cigarette to cigarette and the considerable differences between smokers. In addition, limited data are available on the effects of spontaneous product switching on a smoker's cigarette consumption and exposure to smoke constituents. Over 1000 adult smokers of the same commercial 10mg International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tar yield cigarette were recruited into the non-residential, longitudinal study across 10 cities in Germany. Cigarette consumption, mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine and biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone were measured every 6months over a 3 and a half year period. Cigarette consumption remained stable through the study period and did not vary significantly when smokers spontaneously switched products. Mouth level exposure decreased for smokers (n=111) who switched to cigarettes of 7mg ISO tar yield or lower. In addition, downward trends in mouth level exposure estimates were observed for smokers who did not switch cigarettes. Data from this study illustrate some of the challenges in measuring smokers' long-term exposure to smoke constituents in their everyday environment.

show abstract

Estimating smokers' mouth-level exposure to select mainstream smoke constituents from discarded cigarette filter butts

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: A one-week clinical confinement study

Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: A one-week clinical confinement study

Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis

A longitudinal study of smokers’ exposure to cigarette smoke and the effects of spontaneous product switching

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About