Estimating sound seedfall density ofFagus crenatausing a visual survey

Estimation of Tree Crop Size across Multiple Taxa: Generalization of a Visual Survey Method

“…For the sustainable management of natural forests, it is crucial to estimate the tree crop size prior to regeneration treatments. From the perspective of wildlife management, it is essential for better management to estimate fruit production across various species, and over a wide range of habitat, as early as possible (Inman & Pelton, 2002;Nakajima, 2015). Under these needs, the generalized VSM presented in this study has advantages in terms of low workload as well as precision and robustness.…”

“…Estimating the trees fruit production is important for various purposes, such as understanding the reproductive strategies of trees, conserving frugivorous wildlife populations, and facilitating forest regeneration (Koenig et al, 1994;Noyce & Coy, 1990;Tsuji et al, 2006;Nakajima, 2015). Estimation methods need to be suitable from a quantitative (cost) and qualitative (precision) perspective (Giovanni et al, 2009).…”

“…Estimation methods need to be suitable from a quantitative (cost) and qualitative (precision) perspective (Giovanni et al, 2009). For instance, an ordered categorical index assessed visually provided a rough estimation (Perry & Thill, 1999), but it could be conducted at low cost and could provide sufficient information in certain situations Nakajima, 2015). However, when quantitative data on fruit production are needed, such as a measure of wildlife food availability, it is preferable to estimate absolute values, such as mass or energy per unit area, for the forest's main species.…”

Seed Yield and Morphological Variations of Beechnuts in Four European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Populations in Croatia

“…Therefore, to improve this method it should be further modified, most likely by a smaller range of ratings and clearer grades. A good example is given by Nakajima [48], who used more precise seed intensity rates in five classes.…”

Fire after a mast year triggers mass recruitment of slender mulga (Acacia aptaneura), a desert shrub with heat‐stimulated germination

“…This is because long intervals between mast events and fire may allow predators more time to reduce the size of the preburn seedbank (Whelan, 1995; Wright and Fensham, 2017). Additionally, the seedfall density (i.e., the total viable seed production (Nakajima, 2015)) of a mast crop prior to a fire may be an important driver of prefire seedbank densities and postfire recruitment. This is because a significant positive relationship usually exists between seed‐crop size and the proportion of a seed crop that escapes predation (Silvertown, 1980; Tsvuura et al, 2011; Borchert and DeFalco, 2016).…”