Estimating the Cooling Effect of Pocket Green Space in High Density Urban Areas in Shanghai, China

Wu, Caiyan; Li, Junxiang; Wang, Chunfang; Song, Conghe; Haase, Dagmar; Breuste, Jürgen; Finka, Maroš

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.657969

Cited by 47 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Therefore, how to scientifically configurate the landscape elements and improve ecological service function of urban parks, especially their cooling effect, has become an urgent problem that need to be solved. Previous studies about effects of urban green space on thermal environment were reported in Shanghai, which mainly concentrated on the relationship between LST and green space pattern combined with landscape metrics from the urban landscape scale [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], the cooling effects of specific park features (e.g., park size), single landscape elements (e.g., water body) or single park type (e.g., pocket parks) [ 51 , 52 , 53 ] and thermal comfort and space use in a specific park by meteorological measurements [ 40 ]. However, a clear understanding of the composition and morphological characteristics under different scale levels of urban parks and their quantitative impact on the LST inside and in the surrounding of the parks in a time-series analyses, is still a lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mitigation Effect of Park Landscape on Thermal Environment in Shanghai City Based on Remote Sensing Retrieval Method

Min

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The mitigation effects of park green space on Urban Heat Island (UHI) have been extensively documented. However, the relative effects of the configuration of park components on land surface temperature (LST) inside the park and indicators (i.e., park cooling intensity and distance) surrounding the park is largely unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the quantitative impacts of configuration and morphology features under different urban park scales on the cooling effect. In this study, based on Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS images on 3 August 2015 and 16 August 2020 during summer daytime, the LSTs of Shanghai City were retrieved by atmospheric correction method. Then, the relationships of park landscape features with LSTs in the park and typical indicators representing cooling efficiency of 24 parks on different grades were analyzed. The results showed that the average temperature in urban parks was, respectively, 1.46 °C and 1.66 °C lower than that in the main city of Shanghai in 2015 and 2020, suggesting that urban parks form cold islands in the city. The landscape metrics of park area (PA), park perimeter (PP), green area (GA) and water area (WA), were key characteristics that strong negatively affect the internal park LSTs. However, the park perimeter-to-area ratio (PPAR) had a significant positive power correlation with the park LSTs. Buffer zone analysis showed that LST cools down by about 0.67 °C when the distance from the park increases by 100 m. The Maximum Cooling Distance (MCD) for 2015 and 2020 had a significant correlation with PA, PC, PPAR, GA and WA, and increased sharply within the park area of 20 ha. However, the medium park group had the largest Maximum Cooling Intensity (MCI) in both periods, followed by the small park group. There could be a trade-off relationship between the MCD and MCI in urban parks, which is worth pondering to research. This study could be of great significance for planning and constructing park landscapes, alleviating Urban Heat Island effect and improving urban livability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mitigation Effect of Park Landscape on Thermal Environment in Shanghai City Based on Remote Sensing Retrieval Method

Min

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The protection of green areas and the creation of new ones, even of a small scale, such as pocket parks, is an important direction of spatial policy, aimed at increasing the accessibility of public spaces and improving environmental conditions [65,66]. On the other hand, as the distance from the city center increases, the indicators for the floor area and groos floor area of shopping centers development are clearly decreasing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Land Development Parameters of Shopping Centers Based on GIS Analysis: A Case Study on Kraków, Poland

Blazy

Łabuz

2022

Sustainability

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The progressive development of shopping centers in the world affects the urban structure of cities. These facilities are constantly evolving, which also entails changes in the way their vicinity is shaped. In this context, this article deals with the trend in the way of locating and developing shopping center areas, showing the changes taking place over the years. The subject of investigations are the areas of Kraków’s shopping centers—their spatial distribution and the way the land is developed. The aim of the research was to characterize and assess the spatial development of the analyzed shopping centers, to determine the trends in the location and characteristic urban indicators. This made it possible to verify whether possible changes in the way new investments of this type are shaped should be sought in order to improve the quality of the urban environment. To assess the spatial distribution of shopping centers, standard deviation ellipse analysis was used, as well as the nearest neighbor method. In order to determine the parameters of development of shopping centers, basic urban indicators were used, i.e., building plot ratio (BPR), floor area ratio (FAR), and green plot ratio (GPR). Spatial analysis was performed using QGIS software. Studies have shown that brownfield investments are scattered along the north–south axis of the city, while greenfield investments are located at a greater distance from its central area. Over the years, there has been a gradual concentration of shopping centers, but they are still characterized by dispersion. The results of analyses of changes in the land development of their areas indicate that over the years there has been an imperceptible trend of creating objects occupying an increasing part of the investment plot. In turn, the share of total leaf area of greenery is slightly reduced. With the increase in distance from the city center, indicators regarding the floor area and gross floor area of shopping centers are clearly decreasing. On the other hand, the share of greenery increases mildly, although this index remains at a level not exceeding 20%. These results indicate the need to take action to enforce a greater share of greenery within the areas of shopping centers and the need to care for the quality of their surroundings in order to ensure sustainable spatial development of the city.

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“…They are also used in circular economy strategies and in the sustainability challenges of cities in the use of resources, such as water, energy and food [ 109 ]. In this sense they are now considered as a “critical element in addressing Sustainable Development Goals 11”, which is related to “sustainable cities and communities” [ 110 ], such as climate change adaptation measures [ 111 ], considering the cooling and urban heat mitigation effects of even small pocket green spaces in high density urban areas [ 112 ], or the specific benefits of vegetated green roofs and city trees on stormwater management for urban resilience [ 113 ].…”

Section: Urban Practices To Mitigate Soil Sealing: Typologies Charact...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Discussion on the Application of Terminology for Urban Soil Sealing Mitigation Practices

Rodríguez-Rojas

Grindlay

2022

IJERPH

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Soil sealing is one of the most serious environmental problems today regarding its impact on cities. This article presents an analysis of the different urban practices currently used to mitigate the effects of soil sealing in urban areas. The main typologies, characteristics, differences, similarities and objectives have been considered. The practices analyzed were SuDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems), LIDs (Low Impact Developments), BMPs (Best Management Practices), WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design), GI (Green Infrastructure), and NbS (Nature-based Solutions). To understand the impact of these terms, an analysis of their presence in the scientific literature over the last 10 years is carried out. The results indicate that the trend in the use of these terms is increasing, with the number of articles having doubled in the last 10 years. This indicates the importance that the problem of soil sealing has acquired in the world, and the relevant environmental benefits of addressing it.

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Estimating the Cooling Effect of Pocket Green Space in High Density Urban Areas in Shanghai, China

Cited by 47 publications

References 95 publications

The Mitigation Effect of Park Landscape on Thermal Environment in Shanghai City Based on Remote Sensing Retrieval Method

The Mitigation Effect of Park Landscape on Thermal Environment in Shanghai City Based on Remote Sensing Retrieval Method

Spatial Distribution and Land Development Parameters of Shopping Centers Based on GIS Analysis: A Case Study on Kraków, Poland

A Discussion on the Application of Terminology for Urban Soil Sealing Mitigation Practices

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