Estimating the Effect of Being Indoors on Total Personal Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution

Hayes, S. R.

doi:10.1080/08940630.1989.10466640

Cited by 45 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The first type of model evaluates the mass balance of indoor environments, including dynamics of ventilation, decay, and indoor sources at known outdoor air quality. 2,9,10 The other type of model employs a linear relationship for calculating indoor concentrations from concentrations observed outdoors. 3,11 In many instances, the slope and intercept of such linear relationships are derived from simultaneously measured concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality

Freijer

Bloemen

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Information about the ratio between indoor and outdoor concentrations (IO ratios) of air pollutants is a crucial component in human exposure assessment. The present study examines the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations as influenced by the combined effect of time patterns in outdoor concentrations, ventilation rate, and indoor emissions. Two different mathematical approaches are used to evaluate IO ratios. The first approach involves a dynamic mass balance model that calculates distributions of transient IO ratios. The second approach assumes a linear relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations. We use ozone and benzene as examples in various modeling exercises. The modeled IO ratio distributions are compared with the results obtained from linear fits through plots of indoor versus outdoor concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 The main reason for poor associations between outdoor concentrations and personal exposure concentrations can be explained by the time activity patterns of people. In industrialized countries, people spend most of their time indoors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality

Freijer

Bloemen

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…For the calculation of O 3 nonresidential concentrations, two distributions were used for the air exchange rate (ach), corresponding to the non-residential (Turk et al, 1989) and vehicle (Hayes, 1991) microenvironments. Two distributions were also used for the O 3 decay rates, corresponding to the non-vehicle (Weschler et al, 1992) and in-vehicle (Hayes, 1989) microenvironments. Population/demographic data were obtained from available databases such as the US census and human activity surveys (e.g.…”

Section: Model Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This extensive database of observational information has provided the opportunity to evaluate individually various components of the comprehensive modeling system that was used to assess population exposures to PM 2.5 and O 3 and thus build confidence regarding the applicability of the methods used. Furthermore, it should be noted that past studies have often been limited in their scope because they typically addressed only one parameter (O 3 or PM 2.5 ) (Hayes, 1989(Hayes, , 1991Lurmann et al, 1992;Lurmann and Korc, 1994;Johnson et al, 1996). The current study attempts, however, an assessment of simultaneous population exposures due to co-occurring O 3 and PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A source-to-dose assessment of population exposures to fine PM and ozone in Philadelphia, PA, during a summer 1999 episode

Georgopoulos

Wang

Vyas

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A novel source-to-dose modeling study of population exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone (O 3 ) was conducted for urban Philadelphia. The study focused on a 2-week episode, 11-24 July 1999, and employed the new integrated and mechanistically consistent source-to-dose modeling framework of MENTOR/SHEDS (Modeling Environment for Total Risk studies/Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation). The MENTOR/ SHEDS application presented here consists of four components involved in estimating population exposure/dose: (1) calculation of ambient outdoor concentrations using emission-based photochemical modeling, (2) spatiotemporal interpolation for developing census-tract level outdoor concentration fields, (3) calculation of microenvironmental concentrations that match activity patterns of the individuals in the population of each census tract in the study area, and (4) population-based dosimetry modeling. It was found that the 50th percentiles of calculated microenvironmental concentrations of PM 2.5 and O 3 were significantly correlated with census-tract level outdoor concentrations, respectively. However, while the 95th percentiles of O 3 microenvironmental concentrations were strongly correlated with outdoor concentrations, this was not the case for PM 2.5 . By further examining the modeled estimates of the 24-h aggregated PM 2.5 and O 3 doses, it was found that indoor PM 2.5 sources dominated the contributions to the total PM 2.5 doses for the upper 5 percentiles, Environmental Tobacco Smoking (ETS) being the most significant source while O 3 doses due to time spent outdoors dominated the contributions to the total O 3 doses for the upper 5 percentiles. The MENTOR/SHEDS system presented in this study is capable of estimating intake dose based on activity level and inhalation rate, thus completing the source-to-dose modeling sequence. The MENTOR/SHEDS system also utilizes a consistent basis of source characterization, exposure factors, and human activity patterns in conducting population exposure assessment of multiple co-occurring air pollutants, and this constitutes a primary distinction from previous studies of population exposure assessment, where different exposure factors and activity patterns would be used for different pollutants. Future work will focus on incorporating the effects of commuting patterns on population exposure/dose assessments as well as on extending the MENTOR/SHEDS applications to seasonal/annual studies and to other areas in the U.S.

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“…It was felt that the need for valid and reproducible methods that assess retrospective and concurrent exposure that are suitable for epidemiologic studies is of sufficient importance to merit independent study. Moreover, the suitability of existing (24,25) and evolving (25) models to estimate individual ozone exposure in epidemiologic studies was considered to be in need of further definition, as were models that have utility for a wide variety of epidemiologic study designs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to working group on tropospheric ozone, Health Effects Institute environmental epidemiology planning project.

Tager

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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The working group on tropospheric ozone of the Health Effects Institute has evaluated the need for epidemiologic studies on the health effects of ozone (03) exposure. This paper summarizes current data and identifies possible research questions. The extent to which ozone exposure results in chronic health effects is largely undefined and is the central issue for epidemiologic studies. Most current data focus on transient endpoints; the link between acute changes in symptoms and/or lung function and possible chronic efects has not been established. Concepts of ozone-induced health effects have been extended to include processes of chronic disease (e.g., markers of ongoing inflammation and repair, markers of accelerated lung aging). Traditional epidemiologic studies performed have focused only on accelerated lung aging and are limited by a number of methodologic problems. Recent, very preliminary, studies suggest new opportunities for the use of human lung tissue and a variety biological response markers as part of epidemiologic studies. The identification of sensitive subpopulations with regard to ozone-induced health effects has been studied incompletely and is important both in terms of study efficiency and mechanistic insight. Methodologic advances in the reconstruction of past ozone exposure are seen as essential, as is the incorporation of emerging markers of biologic response to ozone into traditional epidemiologic study designs. Finally, more data on the joint and independent contribution of other ambient air pollutants to putative ozone-induced health effects is warranted. -Environ Health Perspect 101 (Suppl 4): 205-207 (1993).

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Estimating the Effect of Being Indoors on Total Personal Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Modeling Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality

Modeling Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality

A source-to-dose assessment of population exposures to fine PM and ozone in Philadelphia, PA, during a summer 1999 episode

Introduction to working group on tropospheric ozone, Health Effects Institute environmental epidemiology planning project.

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