Estimating the energy consumption and power demand of small power equipment in office buildings

Menezes, Anna Carolina Kossmann de; Cripps, Andrew; Buswell, Richard A.; Wright, Jonathan A.; Bouchlaghem, Dino

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.011

Cited by 169 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…For instance, Menezes et al [8] found that newer computers require less energy in 'low power' modes than older computers, while the demand for computers with increased processing power has resulted in higher demands when the computers are active.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of external insulation and reduced internal heat loads upon energy demand of offices in the context of climate change in Vienna, Austria

Berger

Amann

Formayer

et al. 2016

Journal of Building Engineering

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of external insulation and reduced internal heat loads upon energy demand of offices in the context of climate change in Vienna, Austria

Berger

Amann

Formayer

et al. 2016

Journal of Building Engineering

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“…Finally, an occupancy density was included in the study scope to identify the number of OA equipment machines used per person and the lighting and human body load per unit area. In the literature review, papers and reports related to the power consumption of OA equipment were as follows: 30 papers and reports for desktops [18,19,, nine cases for laptops [21,22,31,32,[34][35][36]42,48], 15 cases for monitors [19,21,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]35,36,38,39,42,43,48,49], eight cases for small printers [18,21,22,33,35,36,39,48], eight case for lighting [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], and nine cases for occupancy density [16,…”

Section: Study Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Variation of Internal Heat Gain in Office Buildings by Chronology

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The additional process of load calculation during the retrofit of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment has been generally omitted in Korea, in recent years. Instead, a simple replacement of HVAC equipment, based on existing HVAC capacities, has been used, which is limited when taking the variation of internal heat gain into consideration, due to changes in the consumption power due to light and office automation (OA) equipment in recent years. Thus, this study aimed to identify a change in internal heat gains over 30 years, from 1985 to 2015, study investigated actual measurement-based academic papers and catalogs about OA equipment, lighting, and the number of occupants per unit area. The heat load produced from OA equipment has increased by approximately 49.6% in 2015 compared to that of 1980, and the heat load from lighting equipment has decreased by 47% compared to that of fluorescent-based lighting, and the heat load from human bodies was approximately 10 W/m 2 on average, which showed a minimal change over the past 30 years. The internal heat gain calculated for 30,000 m 2 of total floor area has increased constantly for the last 30 years. Note that the internal heat gains were designed excessively, as the values used in literature was approximately 17% to 50% smaller than the value used normally in the case of pre-2000 designs, and the values used after 2000 were approximately 35% to 50% smaller than the design standard value.

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“…This was not justified primarily in terms of ventilation and its link with productivity (lower-energy ventilation systems can anyway deliver adequate fresh air; Cao et al, 2014;Feige, Wallbaum, Janser, & Windlinger, 2013), but in terms of it providing 'flexibility' to unknown and therefore potentially high 'needs'. Secondly, the provision of capacity for occupiers to extract large amounts of 'small power' (the UK term for plug loads, or power demanded by occupiers' appliances and devices; Menezes, Cripps, Buswell, Wright, & Bouchlaghem, 2014) exceeds the loads regulated under the building's EPC ratings (Arup, 2013), and has consistently exceeded users' empirical needs (British Council for Offices, 2009, 2014). Note: CBD = central business district; EPC = energy performance certificate; M&E = mechanical and electrical; NIA = net internal area.…”

Section: Speculative Design For Unknown Future Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-related standards and UK speculative office development

Cass

2017

Building Research & Information

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Non-domestic buildings have great potential for energy-related emission reductions in response to climate change. However, high-specification office buildings in the UK demonstrate that regulation, assessment and certification ('standards') have not incentivized the development of lower-energy office buildings as expected. Making use of the concepts of 'qualculation' and 'calculative agency', qualitative case studies of 10 speculatively developed office buildings in London, UK, provide new insight into why this is the case. Interview data (n = 57) are used to illustrate how 'market standards' substitute for user needs, and ratchet up the provision of building services to maximize marketability competitively. The examples of energy modelling and the market's (mis)use of British Council for Offices guidelines are used to explain how such standards perversely bolster energy-demanding levels of specification and building services, and militate against lowerenergy design, in the sector researched. The potentials for alternative, performance-based standards and new industry norms of quality are discussed. It is concluded that at least the London speculative office market by its very constitution and operation, including the reliance on standards, continues to create increasingly energy-demanding buildings.

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Estimating the energy consumption and power demand of small power equipment in office buildings

Cited by 169 publications

References 9 publications

Impacts of external insulation and reduced internal heat loads upon energy demand of offices in the context of climate change in Vienna, Austria

Impacts of external insulation and reduced internal heat loads upon energy demand of offices in the context of climate change in Vienna, Austria

Study on Variation of Internal Heat Gain in Office Buildings by Chronology

Energy-related standards and UK speculative office development

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