“…By exploiting the enactment of the Amazon Tax as a source of exogenous variation, this paper evaluates how the removal of a price advantage changes incentives for both online and o✏ine retailers which may lead to changes in the retail market structure. In that sense, this paper extends the literature evaluating e-commerce e↵ects on market structure, competition, prices, entrance and exit, and spatial distribution (Goldmanis et al, 2010;Bar-isaac et al, 2012;Cavallo, 2017;Vitt, 2020;Pozzi, 2013;Wu, 2020;Fang, 2020;Chung, 2023). As this literature is mostly descriptive and theoretical, by exploiting the Amazon Tax in our identification strategy, this paper is the first to explore e-commerce causal e↵ects on the economy.…”