Estimating the Incidence of Typhoid Fever and Other Febrile Illnesses in Developing Countries

Crump, John A.; Youssef, Fouad G.; Luby, Stephen P.; Wasfy, Momtaz O.; Rangel, Josefa M.; Taalat, Maha; Oun, Said A.; Mahoney, Frank

doi:10.3201/eid0905.020428

Cited by 159 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The emergence of new quinolone resistance pattern in Salmonella enterica which are susceptible to NA but exhibit reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was also reported from South Asia. 8 S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and resistance to nalidixic acid require higher MICs of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, 9 although they are still considered susceptible according to current CLSI interpretive criteria. In our study, the 2 isolates of S. Typhi which were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in disc diffusion test showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in the MIC test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Although fluoroquinolones, if susceptible, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of the treatment failures of infections with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A strains. 9 So, it is important to monitor the increases in the MIC of fluoroquinolones in S. Typhi and emerging strains of S. Paratyphi A. 17 Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…remain appropriate. 9 The use of nalidixic acid disc diffusion test has been recommended by CLSI to screen reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. 10 Although fluoroquinolones, if susceptible, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of the treatment failures of infections with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients

Adhikari

Acharya

Shrestha

et al. 2012

Int J Infection & Microbiol

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INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A is the common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients presenting to hospital in Nepal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ciprofloxacin (CIP) and other antibiotics susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting KIST Medical College, Kathmandu.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines whereas MIC determination of ciprofloxacin was performed by agar dilution method.RESULTS: Altogether 64 presumptive Salmonella spp. were isolated from 840 blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients, of which 41 were S. Typhi and 23 were S. Paratyphi A. All Salmonella spp. isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone and ofloxacin whereas 4 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. One isolates each of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A were multidrug resistant. Fifty five isolates of Salmonella spp. were resistant to nalidixic acid (NA) with higher rate in S. Paratyphi A (91.3%) compared to S. Typhi (82.9%). MIC determination of ciprofloxacin revealed that majority of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 2 isolates were resistant with MIC value of 4 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml. Importantly, we found simultaneous presence of NA resistance and decreased susceptibility to CIP suggesting that resistance to NA is a reliable indicator of decreased CIP susceptibility.CONCLUSIONS: Disc diffusion test failed to detect the reduced susceptibility of ciprofloxacin. Hence the MIC determination of ciprofloxacin against Salmonella spp. isolates would be important

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients

Adhikari

Acharya

Shrestha

et al. 2012

Int J Infection & Microbiol

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“…Another group of investigators [27] [32] and recent data gives an estimate of 8 cases per 100,000 [21,22].…”

Section: Tunisiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

Ghenghesh

Franka

Tawil

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Typhoid fever is endemic in the Mediterranean North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) with an estimated incidence of 10-100 cases per 100,000 persons. Outbreaks caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi are common and mainly due to the consumption of untreated or sewage-contaminated water. Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B is more commonly involved in nosocomial cases of enteric fever in North Africa than expected and leads to high mortality rates among infants with congenital anomalies. Prevalence among travellers returning from this region is low, with an estimate of less than one per 100,000. Although multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi are prevalent in this region, the re-emergence of chloramphenicol-and ampicillin-susceptible strains has been observed. In order to better understand the epidemiology of enteric fever in the Mediterranean North African region, population-based studies are needed. These will assist the health authorities in the region in preventing and controlling this important disease.

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“…17 A more recent study by Crump et al, however, reported lower IR of 13/100,000 persons. 16 Most cases in developed countries arise in travellers and domestically acquired disease is very rare.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid fever: a review

Paul¹,

Bandyopadhyay²

2017

Int J Adv Med

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Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein ﬂagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven eﬀective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for ﬁve days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Ceﬁxime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are eﬀective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

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Estimating the Incidence of Typhoid Fever and Other Febrile Illnesses in Developing Countries

Cited by 159 publications

References 17 publications

Ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients

Ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients

Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

Typhoid fever: a review

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