Estimating the load response to voltage changes at UK primary substations

Abstract

The development of Smart Grid technologies and the need to defer investments for expanding and reinforcing distribution networks have attracted new attention to aspects of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR). Based on the fact that the demand of certain loads can change with voltage, it is plausible to envisage the active management of voltage regulation devices in order to increase/decrease the demand during certain periods for the benefit of the distribution network (e.g., peak shaving) or the whole system (e.g., fast reserves). The extent of this voltage-driven demand response is however entirely dependent on the instantaneous load composition. In order to quantify the benefits of such a scheme, this work proposes a methodology to estimate the time-varying residential load response to primary substation voltage changes whilst complying with voltage limits at low voltage. This is applied to a small UK distribution network downstream an OLTC-enabled 33kV/6.6kV substation with 351 residential, 2 commercial and 1 industrial customers (total peak demand of 932 kW). The results, only considering part of the residential loads modeled with time-varying ZIP parameters, suggest thateven considering voltage constraints-there is considerable load response that can be unlocked from residential loads. However, this is highly dependent on the time of the day.Index Terms-active load management, CVR, demand response, ZIP model, voltage management, voltage regulation, smart grids I.

Modelagem de Carga em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Brasil via Algoritmo Genético

“…Assume-se que a frequênciaé fixa em 60 Hz, assim, em análise de estado estacionário sua influenciaé despreciada [1]. A informações sobre os coeficientes ZIP (Z p , I p , P p , e Z q , I q , P q ) e o fator de potência de cada componente foram extraídos de [9], [10], [11]. Por outro lado, utilizando a curva de carga da classe residencial apresentada na Figura 3, e extraído o consumo de potência dos componentes em cada hora, aquela curva foi retirada do Programa de Conservação de Energia Elétrica (PROCEL) [12].…”

Application of data analytics for advanced demand profiling of residential load using smart meter data

“…Following this, residential occupancy statistics for the UK is adopted from [11], where it is stated that 29% of houses in the residential district accommodate single resident, 35% accommodate two, 16% have three residents and 20% have four.…”

Initial assessment of voltage-led demand response from UK residential loads

“…One set of ZIP parameters (i.e., Z dw , I dw and P dw in Fig. 2) for the whole dwelling is obtained adopting the formulation in [16] ("Aggregation 1" in Fig. 2).…”

“…Following this a second aggregation process ("Aggregation 2" in Fig. 2), formally identical to the previous, provides one set of ZIP parameters for the whole primary substation stacking up each of the dwelling profiles [16]. For the time-varying load model the same allowable voltage variation found in the literature (i.e., V max =3%) has been adopted.…”