Estimating the Size of Tendu Leaf and Bidi Trade Using a Simple Back-of-the-Envelop Method

Lal, Pranay

doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0181-1

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, around 1915, tendu leaves started being used for beedi production and acquired commercial importance (Kumar 2001 ), with tendu leaves becoming more important than the fruit as an NTFP. Today it is probably one of the highest labor-generating NTFPs in the country (Lal and Wilson 2012 ; Lal 2012 ) (see Fig. 2 E, F).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tendu leaves remain pliable several months after drying, making them helpful in rolling tobacco. With an estimated annual production of over 450,000 tons of leaves (ICFRE 2011), tendu leaf harvest supports the livelihood of over 12 million people in the beedi-making industry in India (Lal 2012). However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted on the harvest of tendu leaves and the productivity, sustainability, or broader biodiversity impacts of the management practices employed for increasing tendu leaf production across Indian forests (Saha and Howe 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silvicultural Practices in the Management of Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu) Leaf Production: Options and Trade-offs

et al. 2023

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Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are known to provide livelihoods for forest-based communities across the world. While ensuring the sustainability of NTFP harvests is a key challenge, optimizing the production of NTFPs through appropriate silvicultural practices is also critical for forest-based economies. In Central India, the suitability of fire or pruning practices for enhancing the production of leaves of the tendu tree ( Diospyros melanoxylon ) has been much debated. While villagers commonly adopt annual litter fires, the state Forest Department urges leaf collectors to adopt the more labor-intensive practice of pruning. On the other hand, conservationists recommend completely hands-off management (no fire or pruning). In this study, we compared leaf production from the competing practices of litter fire, pruning, pruning-with-fire, and hands-off management, that are experimented with in community-managed forests. We checked for confounding factors such as tree canopy cover, presence of tendu trees, and inherent differences in forest type. We conducted the study during the pre-harvest season from March to May 2020 in villages in the northern Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra, India. We found that pruning and pruning-with-fire lead to higher root sprout production and, in turn, higher leaf production per unit area when compared to litter fire and the control (no pruning or fire). Fire alone led to a negative impact on leaf production. Implementing pruning instead of litter fire, however, comes with labor costs. Its adoption is therefore linked with the institutional arrangements for tendu management and marketing that shape community perception of costs. गौण वन उत्पादने जगभरातील वन-आधारित समुदायांसाठी उपजीविका म्हणून महत्त्वाची आहेत. त्यांच्या शाश्वत उपलब्धतेसाठी तसेच त्यांच्यावर अवलंबून आजीविकांच्या दृष्टीने वन उपजाच्या नियोजन पद्धतींचा वनवृक्षशास्त्राच्या दृष्टीने अभ्यास होणे गरजेचे आहे. मध्य भारतातील वन-आधारित समुदाय अनेक वर्ष तेंदू वृक्षाच्या पानांना (म्हणजे बिडी-पत्त्याला) निरनिराळ्या पद्धतीने संकलित करीत आहेत व त्याकरिता निरनिराळ्या पद्धतीने नियोजन करीत आहेत. झाडाची झुडपी वाढ करून, पाने हाता जवळ वाढवणे हा त्यातील मुख्य उद्देश आहे. यामध्ये झाडाच्या रोपांची मुळाशी छाटणी करणे (खुट/बेल कटाई) किंवा, जंगलातील पाचोळा पेटवणे, किंवा या दोन्ही पद्धती एकत्रित वापरणे (‘छाटणी-व-आग’) अशा पद्धतींचा समावेश आहे. अलीकडे काही लोक तेंदू संवर्धनासाठी झाडाची विना-नियोजन वाढ होऊ देतात (म्हणजे विना आग आणि विना खुट कटाईने). यातील कोणत्या पद्धतीने प्रती हेक्टरी सर्वात जास्त तेंदू पाने तयार होतात याचा अभ्यास आम्ही केला. यासाठी आम्ही उत्तर गडचिरोली, महाराष्ट्र येथील काही गावांच्या सामुहिक वन क्षेत्रात मार्च ते मे २०२० मध्ये वेगवेगळ्या नियोजन पद्धतीमध्ये होणाऱ्या तेंदूपत्ता उत्पन्नाचा पद्धतशीर अभ्यास केला. एकूण आम्हाला असे दिसले की, आग वापरण्यापेक्षा तेंदूच्या रोपांची मुळाशी केलेली छाटणी व ‘छाटणी-व-आग’ या पद्धती अधिक पानांचे उत्पन्न देतात. आम्ही पाहिले की स्थानिक जंगल प्रकार, त्याची दाटी, व तेंदू वृक्षाची निकटता या निकषांमुळे पानांच्या उत्पन्नात नियोजन पद्धतीपेक्षा जास्त परिणाम होत नाही. प...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silvicultural Practices in the Management of Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu) Leaf Production: Options and Trade-offs

et al. 2023

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“…Despite immense potential of revenue generation and socio-economic upliftment of rural population residing in forest fringe areas limited efforts have been taken up to systematically assess D. melanoxylon leaf production and accurate estimates are difficult to find. For better decisionmaking, management and regulation, it is important that rigorous estimates for D. melanoxylon leaves (and bidis) are accessible [11]. Accurate national estimation has not been recorded as different units (standard bag unit, metric ton, quintals, m…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Leaves Production in Forests of Jharkhand, India

Singh,

Pandey,

Das

2023

APRJ

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Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. leaves used in manufacture of indigenous traditional cigarette, called as bidi, contributes to social economic livelihood of rural and tribal people in India generating a source of subsidiary occupation and supplementary income apart from providing significant revenue to state forest departments. However, a reliable, scientific and statistically sound estimate of its production is essential to obtain optimal revenue and livelihood opportunities in the sector. Thus, the present study was carried out to quantify production of D. melanoxylon leaves in the state of Jharkhand, India on a scientific basis. Collection of D. melanoxylon leaves being a time-bound seasonal activity, field survey and data collection was planned by dividing the state into in five administrative zones namely Palamu, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Singhbhum and Ranchi divided into 45 MFP ranges comprising of 295 lots and 686 collection units. The focus of sampling was estimation of number of plants in a fixed area i.e. plant density, number of pluck able leaves per plant, number of total pluckable leaves per plant, and plant growth geometry. A novel sampling strategy designed as Stratified Cluster Line Transect Quadrat Random Sampling comprising of essential elements of sampling strategy and vegetational survey methods with line transect of 100m x 10m and quadrate of 5m x 5m. In all, 52% collection units from all lots of entire MFP ranges were surveyed. Three permanent plots per MFP range were also maintained to evaluate the quantum of leaf harvesting throughout the collection season by collecting all pluckable leaves. The productivity of D. melanoxylon leaves was found around 11.50 lakh standard bags (52000 tonnes). However, realized yield in absence of pruning/pollarding and other silvicultural operation as well as the political disturbance severely hampering efficient working, may be less.

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“…The leaf of tendu (in Hindi, or kendu in Odia or tumri in Marathi) is used in wrapping tobacco to make the beedi or Indian cigarette. It is one of the most economically valuable NTFPs in India, in terms of livelihoods, the plucking of the tendu leaf generates six weeks of employment annually for approximately 7.5 million people, many of whom are Adivasis and comes from marginalized sections of society [10]. Tendu leaf is one of the prominent minor forest produce collected in the Rajasthan state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collection and Marketing of Tendu Leaves in Rajasthan, India

Mhaskey,

Dhake,

Goyal

et al. 2023

AJAEES

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Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) belong to the Family Ebenaceae, which is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Locally, it is known as temburini. The leaves obtained from Diospyros melanoxylon, vernacularly known as ‘tendu’, ‘kendu’, ‘abnus’ or ‘bidi’ are the most extensively collected both for local consumption and for export. Tribal people in the nation have the right to gather, protect, and promote forest resources under the Forest Rights Act. As tendu leaves are the main source of money for a sizable population that depends on collecting forest food, it is also known as "green gold" in tribal areas. The harvesting of tendu leaves provides work for 75 lakh (7.5 million) individuals nationwide for around three months, according to data from the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India. The State Government determines the collection fees per typical bag of 1000 bundles (50 leaves/bundle), or 50,000 leaves/ bag, which are to be given to tendu leaves collecting labour. Tendu Patta collection & trade is controlled by the Rajasthan Tendu Leaves (Regulation of Trade) Act, 1974 and rules made there under called Rajasthan Tendu Leaves (Regulation of Trade) Rules, 1974. In the districts of Pratapgarh, Banswara, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Pali, Baran, Bhilwara, Jhalawar, and Dholpur, among others, tendu leaves are mostly harvested. In the summer, both locals and tribal members gather these leaves. Aside from this, over 30 lakh (3 million) people rely on creating bidis from these leaves for their living. In the year 2021–2022, 317206 bags were sold, generating a total of ₹4069 lakhs in revenue. The analysis showed a stagnant but significant growth both in production and revenue generated from tendu leaves. Assured reserve prices and bonuses for labourers will help in increasing the revenue from tendu leaves as it will give impetus to labourers.

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Estimating the Size of Tendu Leaf and Bidi Trade Using a Simple Back-of-the-Envelop Method

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Silvicultural Practices in the Management of Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu) Leaf Production: Options and Trade-offs

Silvicultural Practices in the Management of Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu) Leaf Production: Options and Trade-offs

Estimation of Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Leaves Production in Forests of Jharkhand, India

Collection and Marketing of Tendu Leaves in Rajasthan, India

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