Estimating the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) using in situ pore water concentrations in different soils

Liu, Kailin; Pan, Xiong; Han, Yuling; Tang, F. F.; Yu, Yunlong

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.008

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Comparable studies on DMI fungicides are scarce but indicate an equally low toxicity to terrestrial microfauna and mesofauna. Indeed, it has been pointed out for the weak base carbendazim that soil pH is a critical factor in determining its toxicity to earthworms [39]. However, the protonation in soil of organic substances should also be considered [39], although this is often neglected.…”

Section: Growth Retardation Effects Of Climbazole In Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Eisenia fetida, an oligochaete like the enchytraeids, propiconazole is estimated to be nontoxic, and tebuconazole and triadimenol are considered slightly harmful, with median lethal concentrations (14 d) of 1381 mg/kg soil dry weight and 781 mg/kg soil dry weight, respectively [36]. However, the protonation in soil of organic substances should also be considered [39], although this is often neglected. Regarding our faunal biotests, theoretically more than 90% of climbazole was positively charged because of the acidic soil pH (6.0) and thus was probably unavailable for dermal uptake.…”

Section: Terrestrial Toxicity Of Climbazole and Influence Of Soil Promentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecotoxicity of climbazole, a fungicide contained in antidandruff shampoo

Richter

Wick

Ternes

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Emerging pollutants such as personal care products can reach the environment via effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and digested sludge. Only recently, the antidandruff agent and antimycotic climbazole was detected for the first time in a WWTP effluent with concentrations up to 0.5 µg/L. Climbazole acts as a C14-demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicide and thus has a high efficacy against fungi, but knowledge of its potential environmental impact is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize climbazole's ecotoxicity by conducting standard biotests with organisms representing different trophic levels from the aquatic as well as the terrestrial ecosystems. It was found that the toxicity of climbazole is mostly similar to that of other DMI fungicides, whereas it proved to be particularly toxic to primary producers. The lowest median effective concentrations (EC50s) were determined for Lemna minor, at 0.013 mg/L (biomass yield), and Avena sativa, at 18.5 mg/kg soil dry weight (shoot biomass). Reduction of frond size in water lentils and shoot length in higher plants suggested an additional plant growth-retarding mode of action of climbazole. In addition, it was demonstrated here that for an ionizable compound such as climbazole, the soil pH can have a considerable influence on phytotoxicity.

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Section: Growth Retardation Effects Of Climbazole In Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Terrestrial Toxicity Of Climbazole and Influence Of Soil Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicity of climbazole, a fungicide contained in antidandruff shampoo

Richter

Wick

Ternes

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The procedure described by Liu et al [14] was used to measure the carbendazim concentration in porewater. Briefly, the porewater was separated by centrifugation using Millipore Amicon Ultra-15 tubes (Millipore Corporation).…”

Section: Measuring Carbendazim In Porewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicity of carbendazim to E. fetida in acidic and ameliorated soils was assessed with OECD guideline 207 [14]. The variations in the mortality of E. fetida with the carbendazim nominal concentration (C N ) in soil and the concentration in the porewater (C PW ) are shown in Figure 1A.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Carbendazim To Earthworms In Acidic and Amelioramentioning

confidence: 99%

Amelioration of acidic soil increases the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Liu

Wang

Luo

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Ameliorating acidic soils is a common practice and may affect the bioavailability of an ionizable organic pollutant to organisms. The toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was studied in an acidic soil (pH-H₂O, 4.6) and in the ameliorated soil (pH-H₂O, 7.5). The results indicated that the median lethal concentration of carbendazim for E. fetida decreased from 21.8 mg/kg in acidic soil to 7.35 mg/kg in the ameliorated soil. To understand why the amelioration increased carbendazim toxicity to the earthworm, the authors measured the carbendazim concentrations in the soil porewater. The authors found increased carbendazim concentrations in porewater, resulting in increased toxicity of carbendazim to earthworms. The increased pore concentrations result from decreased adsorption because of the effects of pH and calcium ions.

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“…These compounds have been recently detected in sewage effluents, surface water, ground water, and sometimes even in drinking water 7−10 Carbendazim is a fungicide from the benzimidazole group used to control a broad range of diseases on arable crops. Carbendazim is a weak base, with LogK ow of 1.48 at pH 7 (20 • C), and a basic pK a of 4.2 11,12 It has been found to induce endocrine-disrupting effects 11,13 Flumetsulam is a member of the sulfonanilide family of herbicides that is used for postemergence control for undersown wheat and certain legume crops and in both neutral and anionic forms in most agronomic soils, with a higher proportion of the anionic form in soils with higher pH 16 In aqueous solutions, the two molecules can undergo protonation-deprotonation reactions and form cation or anion species, which depends strongly on medium pH. Figure 1 shows the distribution and molecular structure of different species for carbendazim and flumetsulam as calculated using MarvinSketch software (Version 16.1.4, ChemAxon, http://www.chemaxon.com).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%