Estimating the unconfined compressive strength of intact rocks from Equotip hardness

Aoki, Hiroo; Matsukura, Yukinori

doi:10.1007/s10064-007-0116-z

Cited by 110 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Values are expressed on a LCD, are stored electronically and can be downloaded later. Verwaal and Mulder (1993, table 1) provide data on L values for a range of rock types from gypsum (254·7) to granite (807·0), while Aoki and Matsukura (2008a) provide data on rocks that range from tuffs (408·8) to gabbro (890·0).…”

Section: The Equotipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Viles

Goudie

Grab

et al. 2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

209

171

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Rapid, fi eld-based measurements of rock hardness are of use in investigating many geomorphological and heritage science problems. Several different methods are now available for taking such measurements, but little work has been done to assess their comparability and strengths and weaknesses. We review here the capabilities of two types of Schmidt Hammer (Classic N type and Silver Schmidt BL type) alongside two types of Equotip (standard type D and Piccolo) for investigating rock hardness in relation to rock weathering on various types of sandstone and limestone, as well as basalt and dolerite. Whilst the two Schmidt hammers and the two Equotips show comparable results when tested at 15 individual sites, interesting differences are found between the Equotip and Schmidt Hammer values which may reveal information about the nature of weathering on different surfaces. Operator variance is shown to be an issue in particular for the Equotip devices, which also exhibit higher variability in measurements and necessitate larger sample sizes. Carborundum pre-treatment also has varying effects on the data collected, depending on the nature of the surface studied. The Equotip devices are shown to be particularly useful on smaller blocks and in situations where edge effects may affect Schmidt Hammer readings. We conclude that whilst each device contributes to geomorphological research, they do not necessarily produce comparable information. Indeed, using Schmidt Hammer and Equotip in combination and looking at any differences in results may provide invaluable insights into the structure of the near-surface zones and the nature of weathering processes.

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Section: The Equotipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Viles

Goudie

Grab

et al. 2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

209

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Attempts have been made to examine the relationship between the Equotip reading and compressive strength (e.g. Verwaal & Mulder 1993;Aoki & Matsukura 2008) and to apply this instrument to geomorphological studies (Aoki & Matsukura 2007;Viles et al 2011). A needle-type penetrometer (e.g.…”

Section: A Basic Equation For Cliff Erosion By Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aoki & Matsukura (2007) have reported the usefulness of the Equotip hardness tester in evaluating the strength of the surficial part of weathered rocks. Application of the Equotip tester to the tuffaceous sandstone very close to the MEM measuring point indicated that compressive strength, based on the empirical relationships of Aoki & Matsukura (2008), is 4.0 MPa, which is less than a half that of the fresh rock strength (9.5 MPa).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Chapter 12 The rock coast of Japan

Sunamura¹,

Tsujimoto

Aoki

2014

Memoirs

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The Japanese islands, situated in a tectonically unstable region with a highly variable geology, are exposed to high wave energy and microtidal environments in most locations. Rocky coasts are common, most having a steep cliff with coastal recession being primarily driven by wave erosion. A fundamental relationship between recession and wave force is obtained through reanalysis of previous laboratory data. On the basis of this relation a model is constructed for the development of type B platforms, that is, horizontal or subhorizontal platforms that have a steep scarp at the seaward edge. The process of wave attenuation on this type of platform and weathering-induced strength reduction of rocks are incorporated into the model. The model is applied to the southwestern coast of the Kii Peninsula and a platform at Ebisu-jima of the Izu Peninsula. Long-term development rates of platforms in the former area are examined: the model indicates that the rate of erosion when platforms were initiated at 6000 years BP is two orders of magnitude greater than present. At the Ebisu-jima platform, wave-induced erosion processes are explored on a daily basis: the model provides a description of temporal variations in platform growth, although the result is not fully satisfactory.Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license.

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“…Otra técnica no empleada en Mendaraz pero sí incorporada al seguimiento de Inturia es el empleo del durómetro portátil Equotip 3 para la medición de la dureza del sedimento superficial de barras y depósitos (Kawasaki et al, 2002, Kawasaki y Kaneko, 2004, Aoki y Matsukura, 2008, Pérez-Alberti et al, 2013. La hipótesis de partida presupone que el rebote por dureza en sedimentos con baja dinámica fluvial es diferente a aquéllos sometidos de forma periódica a procesos de erosión y transporte.…”

Section: Presa De Inturiaunclassified

Geomorfología y restauración fluvial: seguimiento del derribo de presas en Gipuzkoa

Ojeda

Ibisate

Naverac³

et al. 2014

CIG

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Estimating the unconfined compressive strength of intact rocks from Equotip hardness

Cited by 110 publications

References 6 publications

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Chapter 12 The rock coast of Japan

Geomorfología y restauración fluvial: seguimiento del derribo de presas en Gipuzkoa

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