Estimating under-observation and the full size of the 2016 Zika epidemic in Rio de Janeiro

Bastos, Marcio M.; Coelho, Flávio Codeço

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205001

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These differences might be owing to sex hormone differences. The gender statistics of patients with ZIKV reveal that the proportion of female patients is higher than that of male patients ( Bastos and Coelho, 2018 ). The two possible explanations are as follows: One is that ZIKV can be sexually transmitted from male to female, resulting in an increase in the number of female patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone protects mice against zika virus infection and suppresses the inflammatory response in the brain

Zheng¹,

Sun²,

Luo³

et al. 2022

iScience

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone protects mice against zika virus infection and suppresses the inflammatory response in the brain

Zheng¹,

Sun²,

Luo³

et al. 2022

iScience

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“…And the reason for its occurrence is likely to be caused by differences in sex hormones. Through the gender statistics of ZIKV patients, it was found that the female infection is more than the male [37]. Now, there are two possible explanations for this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone Protects Mice Against Zika Virus Infection And Suppresses The Inflammatory Response In Brain

Zheng

Sun

Luo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Testosterone is an important hormone affecting human growth and development. Recent studies have shown that testosterone is related to immune regulation. Infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause testicular damage and decrease testosterone secretion. However, whether testosterone plays a function in the pathogenesis of ZIKV is still unclear. The main objective of this study was to understand the role of testosterone in central nervous system injury and inflammation induced by ZIKV. Methods: In this work, a mouse model was used to evaluate the role of testosterone in ZIKV infection. Histopathological analysis, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were performed to investigate the mechanism by which testosterone improved survival in mice after ZIKV infection.Results: ZIKV infection caused testicular damage and decreased testosterone secretion in mice, and testosterone supplementation after ZIKV infection reduced mortality and pathological symptoms in mice. Histopathological analysis showed that testosterone treatment after ZIKV infection could reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in the brain and alleviate brain injury. Flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR results confirmed that testosterone treatment could reduce the CD8+ T cell infiltration and the expression of interferon gamma and inflammatory cytokines induced by ZIKV. Conclusion: Testosterone plays an important protective role in mice during ZIKV infection and can be used as a potential therapeutic treatment for ZIKV infection.

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“…Included studies were likely subject to selection bias, with one‐fifth restricted to symptomatic mothers and one‐third to foetuses and infants with Zika‐related abnormalities, suggesting significant numbers of Zika‐affected pregnancies may have been missed. If foetal deaths are more common in restricted populations, our foetal death risks may have been overestimated, but if the risk of death is higher with first‐trimester infection when under‐ascertainment of Zika infection is more likely, then foetal death risks may instead have been underestimated [43]. The unreported outcomes in more than half of all Zika‐affected pregnancies could also cause selection bias, if differential across restriction status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review: fetal death reporting and risk in Zika‐affected pregnancies

Leisher

Balalian

Reinebrant

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objectives Zika virus is linked to several adverse pregnancy outcomes. We assessed whether Zika infection during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of foetal death (miscarriage, stillbirth, abortion) and whether there is incomplete reporting of such deaths. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and LILACS for studies reporting Zika‐affected completed pregnancies (ending in foetal death or live birth), excluding studies whose aim required live birth. Studies ‘allowed’ foetal death if their populations were defined to encompass both live births and foetal deaths, regardless of whether deaths were actually found. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Foetal death absolute and relative risks in Zika‐affected vs. unaffected pregnancies were calculated. Results We found 108 reports including 24 699 completed, Zika‐affected pregnancies. The median absolute risk in 37 studies of completed, Zika‐affected pregnancies was 6.3% (IQR 3.2%, 10.6%) for foetal death and 5.9% (IQR 0%, 29.1%) for non‐fatal adverse outcomes (e.g. microcephaly). More studies allowed non‐fatal adverse outcomes (95%) than foetal death (58%). Of studies which allowed them, 94% found at least one foetal death. In 37% of reports, it was unknown whether foetal deaths were allowed. Only one study had sufficient data to estimate a foetal death relative risk (11.05, 95% CI 3.43, 35.55). Conclusions Evidence was insufficient to determine whether foetal death risk is higher in Zika‐affected pregnancies, but suggests quality of foetal death reporting should be improved, including stating whether foetal deaths were found, how many, and at what gestational ages, or justifying their exclusion.

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Estimating under-observation and the full size of the 2016 Zika epidemic in Rio de Janeiro

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Testosterone protects mice against zika virus infection and suppresses the inflammatory response in the brain

Testosterone protects mice against zika virus infection and suppresses the inflammatory response in the brain

Testosterone Protects Mice Against Zika Virus Infection And Suppresses The Inflammatory Response In Brain

Systematic review: fetal death reporting and risk in Zika‐affected pregnancies

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