Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain

Hernández-Martínez, Raquel; Navarro-Blasco, Í.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.024

Cited by 47 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This fact was confirmed by high statistical significance when compared by means of a Mann-Whitney U-test (p<0.001). The same behavior is observed in previous studies on lead, cadmium and aflatoxins in the infant cereals (Hernández-Martínez, & Navarro-Blasco, 2012;. On the contrary, other reported studies suggest little difference in the arsenic content found in organic vegetables with respect to their ordinary or conventional production (Ghidini et al, 2005); only selective, occasional and sporadic contaminations may explain high levels of these contaminants (Malmauret, Parent-Massin, Hardy, & Verger, 2002).…”

Section: Influence Of Cereal Production Methods On Mercury and Arsenicsupporting

confidence: 87%

Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Hernández-Martínez

Navarro-Blasco

2013

Food Control

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Abstract:Due to the fact that infants and children are especially sensitive to mercury and arsenic exposure, predominantly through diet, a strict control of the most widely consumed infant foods, especially infant cereals, is of paramount importance. Levels of both total mercury and arsenic in 91 different infant cereals from ten different manufacturers in Spain were determined by flow injection adapted to cold vapor and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. Cereals were assessed in terms of the different types, the predominating cereal in the formulation, the added ingredients, and whether the cereal was organically or conventionally obtained. In general, the content of toxic elements (median (Q 1 ;Q 3 )) found in infant cereals based on conventionally obtained raw materials (n=74, Hg: 2.11 (0.42;4.58), As: 21.0 (9.4;50.9) µg·Kg ). Mercury content in infant cereals shows the higher values in those formulations with ingredients susceptible to particulate contamination such as gluten-free or cacao-based cereals. The highest arsenic content appears in the rice-based cereals. The mercury and the inorganic arsenic dietary intakes for infants fed on the infant cereals studied were assessed, taking into account the different stages of growth. Organic infant cereals based on cocoa showed the highest risk intakes of mercury, very close to exceeding the intake reference. Just the opposite, 95% of the organically produced infant cereals and 70% of the conventional gluten-free infant cereals showed an inadmissible risk of arsenic intake. Thus, it seems prudent to call for continued efforts in standardizing routine quality control and in reducing arsenic levels in infant cereals; in addition it is essential that relevant legislation be established and regulated by EC regarding these two toxic elements.

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Section: Influence Of Cereal Production Methods On Mercury and Arsenicsupporting

confidence: 87%

Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Hernández-Martínez

Navarro-Blasco

2013

Food Control

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“…The results reported in Pakistan [7,27,28] indicate higher contamination of cereal-based infant foods than in Poland. Content of cadmium in other infant foods, i.e., juices, fruit-based desserts, herbal teas, and teas with the addition of fruits was lower compared with the above-mentioned infant foods.…”

Section: Cadmium Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 85%

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Mania¹,

Wojciechowska-Mazurek²,

Starska³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This paper presents results of heavy metals determination in infant foods available in Poland during a monitoring programme in 2009-13. This study investigated levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in infant formulae and other infant foods intended for consumption during the first 6 to 12 months of life, and an intake of heavy metals was assessed. Food consumption data based on the artificial feeding scheme of infants established by the Mother and Child Institute in Poland were taken into account to estimate dietary exposure. The reported levels of elements in infant foods are comparable with contamination of such products in other countries. The mean values for lead do not exceed 0.013 mg/kg (90 th percentile, 0.028 mg/kg). Lead levels in infant formulae (as sold, mainly powder) did not exceed 0.010 mg/kg, while mean contamination was 0.005 mg/kg. The highest mean cadmium level of 0.010 mg/kg was reported in vegetable meal (90 th percentile, 0.017 mg/kg); in infant formulae (undiluted) milk-based it was below 0.003 mg/kg, and for soya-based it was 0.009 mg/kg. Arsenic and mercury contents -highest in fish-based infant foods -did not exceed 0.18 mg/kg and 0.013 mg/kg, respectively. In rice products for infants arsenic did not exceed 0.14 mg/kg. The estimated mean lead exposure was from 0.09 μg/kg b.w. per day for 6-month-old infants to 0.53 μg/kg b.w. per day for 1-year-old children, which was approximately 17% and equal to the respective Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL 01 ) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) at 0.50 μg/kg b.w. per day. Mean exposure to cadmium ranges from 0.02 to 0.4 μg/kg b.w. per day, and for 12-month-old infants can slightly exceed the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) value established by EFSA. Dietary cadmium intake represents 2.5-47% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA). Intake of arsenic and mercury was below respective reference value. Calculated mean dietary exposure to arsenic for children under 1 year old was between 0.11 and 0.99 μg/kg b.w. per day (4-33% BMDL 0.5 value), and to methylmercury 0.01-0.08 μg/kg b.w. per day (7-41% of the TWI value for methylmercury).

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“…Excess cadmium (Cd) can cause kidney stones, while excess lead (Pb) can affect brain activity in children [2]. Once the heavy metals such as Cd and Pb are dispersed in water, soil and air, they could be accumulated by the crops [3], [4] if groundwater is used for irrigation. Toxicity to the human kidney by chronic ingestion of uranium (U) through drinking water in the range of 0.004 to 9µg L -1 per body weight per day may produce interference with kidney functions [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the heavy metals such as Cd and Pb are dispersed in water, soil and air, they could be accumulated by the crops [3], [4] if groundwater is used for irrigation. Toxicity to the human kidney by chronic ingestion of uranium (U) through drinking water in the range of 0.004 to 9µg L -1 per body weight per day may produce interference with kidney functions [4]. In more recent studies on humans [5], nephrotoxic effects of U in drinking water were found even for low concentrations, without a clear threshold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Dose Intake of Toxic Elements in Groundwater Samples From Abuja, North Central Nigeria

Maxwell¹,

Oladotun²,

Akinloye³

et al. 2017

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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This study measured the concentrations of toxic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic elements present in groundwater using Inductively Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration values obtained were used to calculate the life average daily dose (LADD) exposure of the people whom rely on groundwater for consumption in Abuja, Nigeria. The highest LADD for the carcinogenic toxic element chromium (Cr) was 2.7 x 10 -5 μg kg -1 day -1 , whereas it was 3.3 x 10 -4 μg kg -1 day -1 for the non-carcinogenic toxic element lead (Pb), identified in water samples collected by the Water Board. These LADD magnitudes of 10 -5 and 10 -4 for both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic toxic elements in groundwater are far below the International Reference Dose according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 2008, which has a value of 10 -1 . The low magnitudes found in water samples may not pose significant health risks to the local population. The relevant authorities should, therefore, continue to monitor the impact of human activities on metal pollution in this area and take effective measures to control contamination of the public water supply.

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Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain

Cited by 47 publications

References 39 publications

Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Assessment of Dose Intake of Toxic Elements in Groundwater Samples From Abuja, North Central Nigeria

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