Estimation of Diffuse Hydrocarbon Leakages from Petrochemical Factories

Sivertsen, Bjarne

doi:10.1080/00022470.1983.10465581

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Provided that the tracer release simulates the source well, a good estimate of the emission can be obtained. The quality of the simulation is confirmed by the variation in ratio between source gas and tracer in the different samples (5,6). Drawbacks of the method are the rather elaborate and time-consuming sampling procedure as well as the fact that data are not available in real time, although analysis can be made on site.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills Using a Time Correlation Tracer Method Based on FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy

Galle

Samuelsson²,

Svensson³

et al. 2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Methane is an important climate gas contributing significantly to global warming. A large part of the anthropogenic emissions of methane comes from landfills. Due to the biogenic origin of these emissions and the inhomogeneous characteristics of landfills and their soil cover, these emissions show large spatial variation. Thus, development of reliable and cost-effective methods for measurements of these emissions is an important task and a challenge to the scientific community. Traditionally, field chamber methods have been used but also different area integrating methods based on downwind plume measurements. These measurements have been supported by meteorological data either directly from local measurements or by controlled release of tracer gas from the landfill providing the dispersion characteristics of the plume. In this paperwe describe a method,the Time Correlation Tracer method, combining controlled tracer gas release from the landfill with time-resolved concentration measurements downwind the landfill using FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The method has been tested and used on measurements at a landfill in southern Sweden over the past 1.5 years. The method has proven to be a usable method for measurements of total methane emission from landfills, and under favorable meteorological conditions we estimate an achievable accuracy of 15-30%. The real time analysis capability of the FTIR makes it possible to judge the success of the measurement already on site and to decide whether more measurements are necessary. The measurement strategy is relatively simple and straightforward, and one person can make a measurement from a medium sized landfill (1-4 ha) within a few days to a week depending on the meteorological situation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills Using a Time Correlation Tracer Method Based on FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy

Galle

Samuelsson²,

Svensson³

et al. 2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…States Environmental Protection Agency also promotes TDM development (designated 58 EPA Category C "other test method" (OTM) 33B) as a standard method for plant-59 integrated and area source emission measurements (Foster-Wittig et al, 2015). The 60 TDM combines tracer gas release and downwind gas concentration measurements 61 across the plume, and thus long-lived atmospheric tracer gases are required, in order to 62 maintain a constant concentration ratio between the target and tracer gases during 63 atmospheric dispersion (Lamb et al, 1995;Stiversten, 1983). The target gas emission 64 rate is obtained by multiplying three factors, namely the tracer gas mass release rate, the 65 downwind concentration ratio of the target and tracer gases above background level and 66 the ratio of the target and tracer gases' molecular weights (Galle et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introduction 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally, a TDM was employed by using static atmospheric sampling points across 68 the plume, followed by subsequent gas sample analysis (Stiversten, 1983). Recently, 69 analytical instrument developments have led to real-time concentration measurements 70 using mobile analytical platforms performing several traverses across the plume, thus 71 allowing one to quickly adjust the traverse location in response to changes in wind 72 direction (Scheutz et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introduction 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, 69 analytical instrument developments have led to real-time concentration measurements 70 using mobile analytical platforms performing several traverses across the plume, thus 71 allowing one to quickly adjust the traverse location in response to changes in wind 72 direction (Scheutz et al, 2011). The TDM has been applied at different area sources, 73 including petrochemical refineries (Stiversten, 1983) 2011; Stiversten, 1983), but their performances in terms of plume description (e.g. peak 81…”

Section: Introduction 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission quantification using the tracer gas dispersion method: The influence of instrument, tracer gas species and source simulation

Delre

Mønster

Samuelsson³

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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The tracer gas dispersion method (TDM) is a remote sensing method used for quantifying fugitive emissions by relying on the controlled release of a tracer gas at the source, combined with concentration measurements of the tracer and target gas plumes. The TDM was tested at a wastewater treatment plant for plant-integrated methane emission quantification, using four analytical instruments simultaneously and four different tracer gases. Measurements performed using a combination of an analytical instrument and a tracer gas, with a high ratio between the tracer gas release rate and instrument precision (a high release-precision ratio), resulted in well-defined plumes with a high signal-to-noise ratio and a high methane-to-tracer gas correlation factor. Measured methane emission rates differed by up to 18% from the mean value when measurements were performed using seven different instrument and tracer gas combinations. Analytical instruments with a high detection frequency and good precision were established as the most suitable for successful TDM application. The application of an instrument with a poor precision could only to some extent be overcome by applying a higher tracer gas release rate. A sideward misplacement of the tracer gas release point of about 250m resulted in an emission rate comparable to those obtained using a tracer gas correctly simulating the methane emission. Conversely, an upwind misplacement of about 150m resulted in an emission rate overestimation of almost 50%, showing the importance of proper emission source simulation when applying the TDM.

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“…Desired conditions for the execution of a successful tracerdilution experiment have been described previously (Sivertsen, 1983) and are strongly dependent upon the observed meteorology and selection of tracer release location. A set of criteria were established to classify the extent to which the tracer compound accurately mimics the area source emissions, and can thus be confidently applied to determine the area source emission rate.…”

Section: Tracer Dilutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile measurements of climate forcing agents: Application to methane emissions from landfill and natural gas compression

Jakober

Mara

Hsu

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) source emissions provides data for validation of GHG inventories, which provide the foundation for climate change mitigation. Two Toyota RAV4 electric vehicles were outfitted with high-precision instrumentation to determine spatial and temporal resolution of GHGs (e.g., nitrous oxide, methane [CH 4 ], and carbon dioxide [CO 2 ]), and other gaseous species and particulate metrics found near emission sources. Mobile measurement platform (MMP) analytical performance was determined over relevant measurement time scales. Pollutant residence times through the sampling configuration were measured, ranging from 3 to 11 sec, enabling proper time alignment for spatial measurement of each respective analyte. Linear response range for GHG analytes was assessed across expected mixing ratio ranges, showing minimal regression and standard error differences between 5, 10, 30, and 60 sec sampling intervals and negligible differences between the two MMPs. GHG instrument drift shows deviation of less than 0.8% over a 24-hr measurement period. These MMPs were utilized in tracer-dilution experiments at a California landfill and natural gas compressor station (NGCS) to quantify CH 4 emissions. Replicate landfill measurements during October 2009 yielded annual CH 4 emissions estimates of 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 0.12 ± 0.02 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent (MTCO 2 E). These values compare favorably to California GHG Emissions Inventory figures for 2007, 2008, and 2009 of 0.123, 0.125, and 0.126 MTCO 2 E/yr, respectively, for this facility. Measurements to quantify NGCS boosting facility-wide emissions, during June 2010 yielded an equivalent of 5400 ± 100 TCO 2 E/yr under steady-state operation. However, measurements during condensate transfer without operational vapor recovery yield an instantaneous emission rate of 2-4 times greater, but was estimated to only add 12 TCO 2 E/yr overall. This work displays the utility for mobile GHG measurements to validate existing measurement and modeling approaches, so emission inventory values can be confirmed and associated uncertainties reduced.Implications: Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) source emissions provides data and validation for GHG inventories, the foundation for climate change mitigation. Mobile measurement platforms with robust analytical instrumentation completed tracerdilution experiments in California at a landfill and natural gas compressor station (NGCS) to quantify CH 4 emissions. Data collected for landfill CH 4 agree with the current California emissions inventory, while NGCS data show the possible variability from this type of facility. This work displays the utility of mobile GHG measurements to validate existing measurement and modeling approaches, such that emission inventory values can be confirmed, associated uncertainties reduced, and mitigation efforts quantified.

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Estimation of Diffuse Hydrocarbon Leakages from Petrochemical Factories

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills Using a Time Correlation Tracer Method Based on FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy

Measurements of Methane Emissions from Landfills Using a Time Correlation Tracer Method Based on FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy

Emission quantification using the tracer gas dispersion method: The influence of instrument, tracer gas species and source simulation

Mobile measurements of climate forcing agents: Application to methane emissions from landfill and natural gas compression

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