2007
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2007.043
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Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health

Abstract: This paper investigates potential exposure to endotoxin in drinking water through the inhalation of aerosols generated by showers and humidifiers. Adverse health effects attributable to the inhalation of airborne endotoxin in various occupational settings are summarized, as are controlled laboratory inhalation studies. Data from investigations estimating aerosolization of particulate matter by showers and humidifiers provide a basis for similar analyses with endotoxin, which like minerals in water, is nonvolat… Show more

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Cited by 40 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…15 According to specifications provided by the manufacturer, incubator humidification is provided through a steam-generation process. While ultrasonic and impeller humidifiers are known to generate particles, steam humidification has not been shown in previous studies to be associated with significant increases in indoor airborne particle mass concentrations [20][21][22].…”
Section: Figmentioning
confidence: 74%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…15 According to specifications provided by the manufacturer, incubator humidification is provided through a steam-generation process. While ultrasonic and impeller humidifiers are known to generate particles, steam humidification has not been shown in previous studies to be associated with significant increases in indoor airborne particle mass concentrations [20][21][22].…”
Section: Figmentioning
confidence: 74%
“…The biggest size group is displayed as the sum of the two largest size channels of the optical particle counter with an adopted overall upper diameter limit of 15 µm. 20 …”
Section: Relative Source Contributions To Within-room Particle Concenmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Also, it is known that endotoxin may act as a co-allergen, facilitating sensitization to other allergens, or they may increase the severity of allergic disease (Szymanska 2005). The potential pathways of water-associated endotoxin exposure in humans include direct introduction in to the blood stream via semi permeable dialysis membranes and inhalation of moisture-saturated air in showers, swimming pools, hot tubs, saunas, and dental offices (Anderson et al 2007). Exposure to endotoxins by drinking water used for preparation or dilution of solutions for intravenous injection or dialysis may be even more serious (Castor et al 2005).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exposure to endotoxins by drinking water used for preparation or dilution of solutions for intravenous injection or dialysis may be even more serious (Castor et al 2005). Several other settings for endotoxin exposure include sawmills, paper recycling plants (repulping and deinking), fiberglass manufacturing, animal handling, cotton/textile milling, hemp processing and potato sorting (Sarantila et al 2001;Anderson et al 2007). Although several exposure routes and the adverse effects of this pollutant have been identified, unfortunately there is only limited information available on untreated surface water, ground water, and drinking water endotoxin concentrations.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, in non-occupational settings, microbial contaminations of ultrasonic misting fountains at home have been shown to induce hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)-like symptoms (Koschel et al, 2005). Water contaminated with endotoxin, molds and other components have been shown to be associated with toxic, infectious and irritative reactions (Anderson et al, 2007;Raulf-Heimsoth et al, 2010;Ohnishi et al, 2002). Allergic reactions have also been reported Sander et al, 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%