Estimation of exhaust emissions of marine traffic using Automatic Identification System data (case study: Madura Strait area, Indonesia)

Abstract

The Madura Strait area is one of the busiest marine traffic regions in Indonesia. Many ships arrive, depart and travel through that area, thus influencing the air quality of the port environment. Furthermore, the Indonesian government has not yet ratified Marine Pollution (MARPOL) 73/78 Annex VI regarding the prevention of air pollution from ships and the absence of restricting regulations could have an influence on the level of air pollution. In this study, an Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver is used to obtain ship data. AIS recognizes a vessel's Maritime Mobil Maritime Identify (MMSI), speed of ship, initial position of ship and ship type. This data is used to evaluate the marine traffic density in the Madura Strait area. Information from ship databases and AIS data are combined for retrieving gross tonnage (GT) information, which is then used to estimate the ship's air pollution emissions. Air pollution estimates also consider the ship's operation modes such as berthing, maneuvering and hotelling. The basic aims of this study are to evaluate marine traffic contributions to the nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur oxides (SO x ), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels in the Madura Strait area, and to evaluate the possibility of using AIS data when estimating air pollution levels. The emission quantities of NO x , SO x , PM, CO (as indicators of air pollution) and CO 2 (as a greenhouse gas) are shown in this paper. The process for estimating emissions using AIS is a potential decision-making tool when considering issues such as the effects of ship emissions on health is also evaluated.

The Effect of Vessel Speed on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions

“…Emissions are calculated by considering factors such as engine and fuel type of each type of fuel. Pitana et al (2010) has shown that emission rate can be calculated using Equation 3 as below.…”

“…Where: E = The total emission of pollutants (kg) S = The fuel consumption (ton/hours) F = The emission factor (kg/ton of fuel) Pitana et al (2010) has shownthe emission factor of each pollutant in units of kg per ton fuel and the type of ship engines in Table 2.…”

Database Integration Model for Automatic Identification System and Shipping Database In Real Time Traffic Monitoring

“…There are many utilizing AIS data for conducting researches, for instance, the usage of AIS data for estimation marine exhaust emission, development of hazard navigation map, ship evacuation assessment and dangerous score [6] [7][8][9] [10]. It seems that the previous researches have not been combined as the system for monitoring the marine safety and environment.…”

Estimating Carbon Dioxide and Particulate Matter Emissions from Ships using Automatic Identification System Data

“…Some papers propose methods for estimating CO 2 and PM emissions from ships using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data in Baltic Sea [4] or in Madura Strait area [5], but there is no papers related to the strait of Gibraltar. Furthermore, these methods do not take into account real-time emissions.…”