Estimation of Fetal Dose to Patients Undergoing Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures

Jacobson, Ahren; Conley, Joseph G.

doi:10.1148/120.3.683

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Thus, whereas the calculations are likely to be valid for our institution, an independent determination of the expected absorbed dose to the fetus is essential for each facility in which x-ray procedures on pregnant patients are being contemplated. Calculation of the expected absorbed dose to the fetus can be made as described in this work or elsewhere (9,10,45). The calculated fetal exposure from the diagnostic procedures are similar to those reported in the studies evaluating the risks of in utero exposure to low level radiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Previous reports give evidence that the absorbed dose to the fetus is negligible for x-ray exposures whose primary beam geometrical borders are more than 10 cm from the fetal area (10). For the three antero-posterior tibia/fibula views, there was no organ dose table available and the fetal absorbed dose was estimated at less than 0.001 rads.…”

Section: Contrast Venographymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Risks to the Fetus of Radiologic Procedures Used in the Diagnosis of Maternal Venous Thromboembolic Disease

et al. 1989

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SummaryThe diagnosis of suspected venous thromboembolic disease during pregnancy is problematic because of the fear of fetal irradiation with routine diagnostic procedures. In order to develop rational guidelines, we have calculated levels of radiation exposure to the fetus for the common diagnostic procedures and conducted a literature review to examine the fetal risks associated with these levels of radiation. A small increase in the relative risk of childhood cancer is suggested by a literature review of outcomes following low dose (less than 5 rads), in utero radiation exposure. With careful use of the available procedures, a diagnosis of venous thrombosis is possible with fetal radiation exposure of less than 0.50 rads and a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is possible with fetal radiation exposure of less than 0.05 rads. The risk of such exposure is small, both in relative and absolute terms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Contrast Venographymentioning

confidence: 98%

Risks to the Fetus of Radiologic Procedures Used in the Diagnosis of Maternal Venous Thromboembolic Disease

et al. 1989

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“…Other reports have appeared in the literature concerning gonad doses (Billings et al, 1957;Laughlin et al, 1957;Johns & Wilson, 1958;Epp et al, 1963;Adrian Committee, 1966;Yoshinaga et al, 1967;Antoku & Russell, 1971), bone marrow dose (Laughlin et al, 1957;Epp et al, 1963;Luizzi et al, 1964;Yoshinaga et al, 1967;Antoku & Russell, 1971), and thyroid dose (Bhatnagar et al, 1981). The importance of minimising fetal dosage in obstetric examinations has also long been appreciated (Bewley et al, 1957;Clayton et al, 1957;Baker et al, 1979;Jacobson & Conley, 1976;Rugh, 1963a,b;Axelsson & Ohlsen, 1979). As in radiotherapy, the dose to the skin surface on the central axis of the X-ray beam is a useful parameter, because it is comparatively easy to measure (which facilitates interdepartmental comparison), and it is useful as a starting point for estimating doses to internal organs.…”

Section: The Site Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of radiation doses to patients in five common diagnostic examinations. I. Principles and techniques of dose evaluation by indirect measurement II. Survey results

Harrison¹,

Clayton²,

Day³

et al. 1983

BJR

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Techniques for the determination of radiation doses to patients in diagnostic radiology are briefly reviewed. Attention is focused upon indirect methods in which measurements of Xray output are made prior to the actual examination, thereby enabling the entrance skin dose to be calculated if radiographic factors are known. Indirect methods are compared with direct methods which involve TLD measurements on the patient. For certain examinations involving automatic exposure control, and in fluoroscopy, retrospective simulations of the examination or direct methods may be used to supplement the calculations.In order to appreciate the significance of inter-hospital variations, the "speed" of an X-ray imaging system is quantified in terms of the "speeds" of individual components of the imaging chain such as tube potential, film-screen speed, grid attenuation and the performance of the automatic film processor. These "system speed factors" (SSF) may be multiplied together to give a combined SSF which indicates the relative efficiency with which a particular X-ray imaging system utilises the X-ray flux incident upon the patient.

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“…Another method is to estimate the dose by calculation by the methods described elsewhere (Ja76,HEW76,NCRP77b). It is desirable to compare measured dose with calculated or published values.…”

Section: Dose Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical X-ray Exposure of the Human Embryo and Fetus

Syed¹,

Samols²

1982

Health Physics

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In a period of 2 yr. 6 pregnant women who were not aware that they were pregnant at the time of radiological examination of their abdomen and pelvis, wanted to know the radiation dose received by their embryo or fetus. Radiation dose estimate to the embryo or fetus was made by performing dosimetry with a phantom and the equipment utilized for the actual procedure. The dose to the embryo or fetus varied between less than 50 mrads and 3.52 rads when fluoroscopy was also performed. As the radioimmunoassay test now enables immediate, (same day) detection of pregnancy after day 21 of the menstrual cycle, it is reasonable to recommend that (1) the test be performed in all patients whose pregnancy status is uncertain and (2) that a positive result will ensure minimization of any necessary diagnostic radiation dose. The risk to the embryo or fetus is discussed.

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Estimation of Fetal Dose to Patients Undergoing Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Risks to the Fetus of Radiologic Procedures Used in the Diagnosis of Maternal Venous Thromboembolic Disease

Risks to the Fetus of Radiologic Procedures Used in the Diagnosis of Maternal Venous Thromboembolic Disease

A survey of radiation doses to patients in five common diagnostic examinations. I. Principles and techniques of dose evaluation by indirect measurement II. Survey results

Medical X-ray Exposure of the Human Embryo and Fetus

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